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International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Diesel Engine Oil Degrading Bacteria from Garage Soil and Comparison of their Bioremediation Potential Teli Nikhil1, Verma Deepa2, Gavankar Rohan1 and Bhalerao Satish3 1 Department of Biotechnology, Viva College, Virar (W), Maharashtra, INDIA 2 Department of Botany, Viva College, Virar (w), Maharashtra, INDIA 3 Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Available online at: www. sca. in Received 30th November 2012, revised 12th January 2013, accepted 25th January 2013 Abstract The rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil) was studied. Modified diesel engine oil medium was used and two most abundant microorganisms were isolated from garage soil – Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be hydrocarbon degraders and these two bacteria’s were selected for the degradation test. The degradation of diesel engine oil was monitored at a five day interval up to twenty five day period, using gravimetric method.After 25 days of incubation period, Pseudomonas sp. degraded 67. 57 % of the oil and Micrococcus sp. with 52. 95 %. But the mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to have great potential to degrade diesel engine oil i. e. 89. 98 % after 25 days. The rate of degradation of diesel engine oil by Micrococcus sp. was found to be 7. 48 x 10-4gm/hr and that of Pseudomonas sp. was 9. 55 x 10-4gm/hr while the mixture of both bacterial isolates showed highest rate of degradation of diesel engine oil i. e. 1. 27 x 10-3gm/hr.Keywords: Bioremediation, Diesel engine oil, oil spills, hydrocarbon degraders, Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. Introduction As we dig deeper into the modern industrial age of technologies, several aspects of human life change. People benefit largely from life development and many live in prosperity, but prosperity has a price. This price is paid by our environment that suffers daily from all kinds of pollutants and destruction. People now have to find ways to cure this destruction. Oil contamination is one of the most dangerous pollution factors known today.It can cause a threat to the environment. It is very feared by environmentalists and it's very hard to control if it gets out of hand. Oil spills have been a major issue across decades. One of the famous oil spills which are also ongoing is in Taylor Energy Well in Gulf of Mexico, U. S. A caused due to Hurricane; Sept 16, 2004 till present date and almost 0. 03- 0. 05 tones oil/per day is estimated to leak. Another recent oil spill was in Mumbai (India) and caused due to the leakage in Mumbai-Uran pipeline dated January 21, 2011 and about 55 tons of oil was leaked in Arabian Sea.Various such accidents occur throughout the years and it causes damage to our surrounding. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. With the combined dependence on diesel engine oil by some vehicles and generators, greater quantities are being transported over long distances. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying diesel oil and motor mechanics1. Diesel oil spills on agricultural land generally reduce plant growth.Suggested reasons for the reduced plant growth in diesel oil contaminated soils range from direct toxic effect on plants2 and reduced germination to unsatisfactory soil condition due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of the displacement of air from the space between the soil particles by diesel engine oil3. Among several clean–up techniques available to remove petroleum hydrocarbons fr om the soil and groundwater, bioremediation processes are gaining ground due to their simplicity, higher efficiency and cost–effectiveness when compared to other technologies4.This study was therefore designed to monitor the rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil (hydrocarbon) by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil), by using gravimetric method. Material and Methods Preparation of modified diesel oil medium: The modified diesel oil medium comprised of 0. 7 gm K2HPO4, 0. 1 gm (NH4)2SO4, 0. 3 gm KH2PO4, 0. 3 gm MgSO4 7H2O, 2. 2 gm agar – agar5. The mineral components of the medium were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and mixed with 2 ml of Gulf diesel engine oil. The medium was autoclaved at 121oC for 15 min. International Science Congress Association 8 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Envir onment Sci. Enrichment of microorganisms: Microorganisms capable of degrading diesel engine oil were enriched in sterile modified diesel engine oil medium by inoculating soil (which was collected from Maharashtra garage, 65 years old garage at Sewri) in to the medium in 250 ml conical flask. 0. 5 gm of this garage soil was inoculated in to the 100 ml of sterile modified diesel oil broth and allowed to incubate at 37oC for 1 week.Isolation of microorganisms: After 1 week of incubation period, 1 drop of enriched culture was spread on to the sterile modified diesel oil agar plate. The plate was incubated at 37oC for 48 hr. After 48 hr incubation; two different bacterial colonies were selected from incubated plate. Each bacterial colony type was sub cultured repeatedly onto sterile nutrient agar plates to obtain a pure culture. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of their colonial morphology, cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics according to t he taxonomic scheme of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology6.Determination of microbial colony numbers for degradation studies: 5 ml of sterile Nutrient broth was aseptically inoculated with a loopful of pure culture of Colony 1(C1) in first test tube and Colony 2 (C2) in second test tube and incubated both the tubes at 37oC for 24 hr. After incubation, the numbers of organisms present in one ml of nutrient broth were determined by spread plate method. The numbers of organisms were adjusted in both the tubes in such a way that both the isolates contain approximately equal numbers of microorganism in one ml of sample by using sterile Nutrient broth as a diluent7.Soil sample collection and preparation: Top surface soil sample was collected from the premises of the Shahid Bhagatsingh Ground, Kalachowki; in sterilized plastic containers. Soil sample meant for degradation studies was sterilized using autoclave at 121oC for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool to roo m temperature for further treatments. Description and treatment of samples: Test: i. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C1, ii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 48 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C 2, iii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 1 ml culture of C1+ 0. 1 ml culture of C 2 Control: 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml of sterile distilled water. Diesel oil degradation studies: The ability of C1, C2 and mixture of both the bacterial isolates to degrade diesel oil was monitored on the first day (day zero) of the study and subsequently at 5-day interval for 25 days.Carbon tetrachloride was employed as an extractant. On each day, two samples per single treatment were analyzed for the quantity of residual dies el oil7. Each of the 15gm soil treatment samples was mixed with 40 ml of carbon tetrachloride, placed in a separating conical flask, shaken vigorously for 3 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. The liquid phase was separated by allowing the supernatant (diesel oil – carbon tetrachloride) to pass gradually through a funnel fitted with filter paper (Whatman No 1). Anhydrous sodium sulphate spread on the filter paper was employed to remove any moisture in the mixture.The liquid phase was collected in a 50-ml pre-weighed beaker. The beaker containing the extract was placed in an oven and the extractant allowed to evaporate at 50oC. The beaker with the residual diesel oil was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the quantity of residual diesel oil by difference8. Results and Discussion In this study, the soil samples were gathered from the garage (oil contaminated site) because the capability of native bacterial population to mineralize crude oil hydrocarbo ns in oil contaminated sites was confirmed before by many scientists9.The rate of biodegradation of Diesel engine oil by hydrocarbonoclastic organisms isolated from garage soil were assessed. Table – 1 and table – 2 shows that, using cultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics, two bacterial isolates; Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified by compairing it with the Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. The number of CFU/ml of both the bacterial isolates was adjusted to 7. 88 x 107 CFU/ml for degradation studies. The biodegraders which were Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Mixture of both the culture showed different abilities in the breakdown and utilization of the diesel engine oil. Character Colony 1 Colony 2 Size 1-2 mm 2-3 mm Table-1 Colony characteristics of bacterial isolates on Nutrient agar plate Shape Elevation Colour Consistency Circular Irregular Convex Flat Yellowish Fluorescent green Butyrous Mucoidal Opacity Opaque Translucent International Science Congress Association 49 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int.Res. J. Environment Sci. Table-2 Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates C1 Positive Cocci Clusters No spore Non motile Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Acidic, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Positive Micrococcus sp. Character Gram stain Morphology Arrangement Endospore Motility Catalase Oxidase Citrate Indole Gelatin Glucose fermentation Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation Mannitol fermentation Tripple sugar iron Methyl red Voges proskauer Nitrate reduction Urea OrganismC2 Negative Rods Solitary No spore Sluggishly Motile Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Alkaline, No gas, No H2S Negative Neg ative Negative Negative Pseudomonas sp. Table-3 Weight of diesel engine oil extracted (on various days) from 15 gm soil samples polluted with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterilized diesel oil and 0. 2 ml of culture Day Sample I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Weight of diesel oil extracted (gm) 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 807 gm 0. 801 gm 0. 30 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 787 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 663 gm 0. 348 gm 0. 483 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 545 gm 0. 290 gm 0. 271 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 399 gm 0. 275 gm 0. 085 gm 0. 848 gm Weight of diesel oil degraded (gm) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 041 0. 047 0. 018 0. 000 0. 061 0. 209 0. 209 0. 000 0. 185 0. 500 0. 365 0. 000 0. 303 0. 558 0. 577 0. 000 0. 449 0. 573 0. 763 0. 000 Rate of degradation (gm/hr) 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 42 x 10-4 3. 92 x 10-4 1. 50 x 10-4 0. 00 2. 54 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 0. 00 5. 14 x 10-4 1. 39 x 10-3 1. 01 x 10-3 0. 00 6. 31 x 10-4 1. 6 x 10-3 1. 20 x 10-3 0. 0 0 7. 48 x 10-4 9. 55 x 10-4 1. 27 x 10-3 0. 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 *values are means of twice determinations. Key: i. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. ii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Pseudomonas sp. iii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. IV. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil International Science Congress Association 50 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J.Environment Sci. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Micrococcus sp: It was seen that the rate of diesel oil degradation by Micrococcus sp. was slow as compared to the rate of degradation of diesel oil by Pseudomonas sp. and mixture of Micrococcus sp. and pseudomonas sp. But the diesel oil degradation potential of Micrococcus sp. was continuously increasing as the time of contact between oil and organism increased. D iesel engine oil degradation study by Pseudomonas sp: It can be seen that the efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade diesel engine oil is faster than that of Micrococcus sp.As the incubation period increases the rate of degradation of diesel engine oil also increases. But it was seen that till 15th day, the rate of degradation was much faster. This was probably due to the exponential phase of the cell growth but after that the rate of degradation was slightly decreased. It was possibly because of cells of the Pseudomonas sp. were near to its stationary phase of cell growth. Diesel engine oil degradation study by mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp: The weight of diesel oil extracted from soil containing diesel engine oil and mixture of both bacterial isolates i. . Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. showed continuous weight loss till the 25th day of incubation period. After 5th day of incubation period it was seen that there was a drastic increase in the rate of diesel oil degradation till the 25th day of incubation period which was quite higher than that of the single culture of Micrococcus sp. as well as that of the Pseudomonas sp. In this case it was found that around 90% of the diesel engine oil was degraded after 25th day and rate of degradation of diesel oil was found to be continuously increasing i. e. 1. 50 x 10-4gm/hr after 5th day to 1. 7 x 10-3gm/hr after 25th day. Conclusion When Micrococcus sp. is used in combination with Pseudomonas sp. it showed a great potential to diesel oil degradation. This was probably due to the different enzyme system from two different bacterial isolates that acts on hydrocarbon at a time which proved to be an excellent option to degrade that hydrocarbon if both the bacterial enzyme system posses considerable efficiency to act upon it and to degrade it10. This was followed by single culture of Pseudomonas sp and then Micrococcus sp. The oil degradation by Pseudomonas sp. as not surprising not only because it wa s isolated from garage soil which was already contaminated by oil and grease but also because it is known to possess a more competent and active hydrocarbon degrading enzyme system than Micrococcus sp. It is known to be fast growing and is capable of degrading a wide variety of organic compounds11. In the case of Micrococcus sp. which is also known to posses the considerable efficiency to use it as an oil degrader, but it requires more time compared to that of the Pseudomonas sp. Figure–1 Comparison of % Diesel engine oil degradationInternational Science Congress Association 51 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Figure–2 Comparison: Rate of Diesel engine oil degradation (gm/hr) By using biological processes, as in the case of bioremediation, usually lowers the costs as compared to chemical treatment processes for variou s contaminated sites. It is also less disturbing to the environment. However, because it is a natural process, it requires time.The above experiment shows that bioremediation can be used effectively to treat oil contaminated soil. The remarkable rate of diesel oil degradation by bacterial isolates shown by this method allows for the safe and convenient use of this microorganism in the oil contaminated area. Moreover the results obtained from the comparison between the diesel oil degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. , Micrococcus sp. and mixture of both helps them to use in different bioremediation processes based upon their efficiencies. And the advantages of employing mixed cultures as opposed to pure cultures in bioremediation have been demonstrated. . 3. Baker J. M. , Mangroove swamps and the oil Industry, Environ. Pollut. Bull. , 12 (1982) Zahir A. Z. , Malik M. A. R. and Arshad M. , The effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn, Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, 537-540 (2001) Adriano Pinto Mariano, Ana Paula de Arruda Geraldes Kataoka, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis Daniel Marcos Bonotto, Laboratory study on the bioremediation of diesel oil contaminated soil from a petrol station, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), (2007) Nwaogu L.A. , Onyeze G. O. C and Nwabueze R. N. , Degradation of diesel oil in a polluted soil using Bacillus subtilis, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1939-1943 (2008) Bergey D. H. , Holt John G. , et al, Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins (1994) Dong-ju Kim, Seung-gun Chung, Sang-hyup Lee and Jae-woo Choi, Relation of microbial biomass to counting units for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, African Journal of Microbiology, 6(21), 4620-4622 (2012) Udeme J. J. , Antai S. P. Biodegradation and Mineralization of Crude oil by Bacteria, Niger. J. Biotechnol. , 5: 77-85. (1988) Akhavan Sepahi, I. Dejban Golpasha, M. Emami, A. M. Nakhoda, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. , 5(3), 149-154 (2008) crude oil by bacteria, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 7986 (1988) 4. 5. 6. 7. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to: Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. K. P. N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. , Dr. R. D.Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College, Virar (w) Maharashtra, Non Teaching Staff , Dept. Biological sciences ,VIVA College Virar (w) Maharashtra. 8. 9. 10. Ijah U. J. J. , Antai S. P. , Degradation and mineralization of References 1. Hill G. B. , Moxey J. G. , Gasoline and Diesel oil In: Gathee VB (ed) Petroleum Product Handbook Mc-Grew Hill, 4, 1-4 NY (1980) 11. Ijah U. J. J. , Okang C. N. , Petroleum Degrading capabilities of bacteria isolated from soil, W. A. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 38(1-4), 915 (1993) International Science Congress Association 52

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Michigan agricultural college a dream fullfiled - Essay Example In 1850, the state constitutional convention called for the foundation of an Agricultural School under the provision of Article 13, Section 11 – the Morrill Act enacted under Abraham Lincoln’s administration. Interestingly, it was first suggested that this Agricultural School would be part of the University of Michigan. In fact, then-president Henry Tappan lobbied for this school to be built in UM’s own Ann Arbor. However, John C. Holmes of the Michigan State Agricultural Society opposed this, on the ground that the school’s students may end up being neglected by UM. Luckily for him, then-Michigan Governor Kingsley S. Bingham saw things his way, mandating a bill commissioning the establishment of what was then called the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan. Eleven years later would be a moment in history for the school – it saw its first batch of graduates, as well as the Michigan Legislature that allowed it to offer four-year curriculum c ourses and grant degrees on par with more established universities. The beginnings of the Agricultural College were surprisingly humble. Under its first president, Joseph Williams, a member of Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa in addition to being both an accomplished farmer and attorney, it started out with only three buildings and five professors, as well as a student body of 63. Luckily, Williams made the best of the situation, hiring a host of competent professors in the college’s first year. These professors then proceeded to set up sophisticated science laboratories in its College Hall, complete with equipment such as microscopes which were then thought to be state-of-the-art. Needless to say, Michigan Agricultural College flourished under President Williams’s tenure; even relatively early on in its existence, it boasted a wide array of theoretical and practical academics. The Michigan state legislature passed a bill in 1855, which

Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example Despite this, the development of these foods has met sharp critics from various stakeholders in the field of agriculture and medicine, and this has resulted to legal debates in parliaments of various countries, United States of America included. In the production of genetically modified foods, scientists usually select desirable genes from crops, combine them and come out with crops that are more superior in regard to disease and pest attack, as well as production. This is contrary to traditional food reproduction technology, in which unrelated crops were used. The cliche in the technology, as argued by opponents is based on the idea that recombining inter-species genes do not have ways of evaluating the potential threats and long-term effects on the consumption of genetically modified foods by living organisms. Since food affects each and every one of us, the discussion on food safety is of great importance to all humankind, and thus proper evaluation of both thee merits and demerit s associated with the technology is necessary. This essay seeks to outline the merits and demerits of genetically modified foods, and argue that the merits outweigh the demerits, and thus production of foods using this technology should be encouraged. Advantages of genetically modified foods To adapt to the technology of GMO’s, consumers need to be well informed on all aspects of the food starting from its production to preparation and consumption. In this regard, the consumers also need to be informed on the nutrition levels of different foods in order to ensure they purchase and consume foods that meet their health requirements. Opponents argue that GMO’s harm other organisms, human included; the recombination of genes may at times be ineffective and lead to the production of poisonous foods, which when consumed can be fatal. This is contrary to the current standards as all genetically food are tested against health standards before being released to the market. In t he production of genetically modified foods, the recombination of genes is strived to ensure that the crops are less exposed to pest and disease attacks. This is beneficial to the farmers as it reduces their cost of production and consequently increase yields and return. Therefore, the farmers can use the saved money in meeting other economic demands, which is also necessary for the economic development of a country (Skinner and Liang 12-78). On this point, opponent base their argument on the taste of foods and argue that genetically modified food have bad taste in comparison to natural foods. Although the taste of foods affects the appetitive of an individual, the nutritional value of the food is more important and thus their argument does not hold sound ground for an argument. Our ecology is very important in ensuring that all life of living organisms is sustained, and chemical components usually affect our ecology by tampering with the water systems as well as the exposure to che micals, which have adverse effects on humans, as well as animals (Shepard 34). Through the production of genetically modified foods, fewer chemicals are used, and this ensures that humans are less exposed to chemical hazards, as well as our environment remains unpolluted. Opponents argue that since genetically modified food are not good for human consumption, their production may lead to cross-pollination thus making it hard to identify genetically modified foods. Drought and other natural disasters have become a common occurrence in the recent past, and this has led to various organizations across the world striving to innovate new means of producing high yields in crop production

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay QD = f? P, PS, PC, Y, A, AC, N, CP, PE, TA, T=S †¦? [2. 1] where QD = quantity demanded of (e. g. , Toyota Prius or Chevy Volt) P = price of the good or service (the auto) PS = price of substitute goods or services (e. g. , the popular gasoline-powered Honda Accord or Chevy Malibu) PC = price of complementary goods or services (replacement batteries) Y = income of consumers A = advertising and promotion expenditures by Toyota, Honda, and General Motors (GM). AC = competitors’ advertising and promotion expenditures N = size of the potential target market (demographic factors) CP = consumer tastes and preferences for a â€Å"greener† form of transportation PE = expected future price appreciation or depreciation of hybrid autos TA = purchase adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies on hybrid autos QS = f? P, PI , PUI, T, EE, F, RC, PE, T=S †¦? (Equation 2. 2) where Qs = quantity supplied (e.g. , of domestic autos) P = price of the autos PI = price of inputs (e. g. , sheet metal). PUI = price of unused substitute inputs (e. g. , fiberglass) T = technological improvements (e. g. , robotic welding) EE = entry or exit of other auto sellers F = accidental supply interruptions from fires, floods, etc. RC = costs of regulatory compliance PE = expected (future) changes in price TA = adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies. Product A is more riskier as Std dev / mean = 0. 8 and for Product B it is 0. 5 thus A is more riskier Not yet rated Anonymous 1 hour later fot this we will calculate the coefficient of variation of both the product. coefficient of variation= SD/meanx100 coefficient of variation of Product A= 40000/50000100= 80% coefficient of variation of Product B= 12500/250000100= 5% higher the coefficient of variation higher will be the risk, therefore Product A is more risker.

Regulatory Effects on the Transportation Industry Essay Example for Free

Regulatory Effects on the Transportation Industry Essay Economic effects on freight and passenger services Transportation Management, to the government, is the agency oversight of the movement of people and goods. That includes oversight of the economic practices of the companies that perform these services. The economic effect of such regulation is complex. Service industries, which include the various forms of transportation of freight and passengers, are subject to a wide array of regulations. These regulations affect the economies of transportation services in differing ways. Regulations are imposed on these industries to achieve various social and economic goals. Whether they achieve these aims is a separate question. The most obvious effects of regulation are economic. Well-crafted, appropriate regulations can be an asset both to industry and the consumer. They can move resources toward socially productive uses and away from negative ones. They can also ensure public safety and foster competition. Over regulation, however, can have the opposite effect. Transportation, like any industry, is resistant to regulation. Evidence exists that shows the negative economic effects of regulation. Over regulation or regulations that are poorly written can unnecessarily stunt economic activity in situations where the free market could have regulated more effectively. It is up to policy makers to find a balance that achieved social aims yet allows business to thrive. The freight transportation industry and the passenger transportation industry have some similar concerns about regulation. There are also regulations that are distinct to each industry; therefore the economic effects will likely differ. Regulation can result in a higher cost of doing business which is passed down the line to consumers. This is true in both the freight and passenger sectors. The increased price to consumers has a ripple effect on the economy on the whole. Each sector contains complex economies, though, in which the effects of regulation may not always be clear. Oversight-The mission, in general Federal oversight of both the freight and passenger industries is managed by the General Services Administration. It is concerned with both regulatory cooperation and promoting the economic heath of the industries involved. The GSA works collaboratively with businesses to develop flexible regulatory policies and incentives.In both sectors, the GSA is working to smooth the process to electronic forms of transportation. The GSA is working to support the initiatives put forward in the President’s Management Agenda (PMA). They include: the expansion of electronic government, the integration of performance and budget, strategic management of human resources and improved financial performance. The Economic Theory of Regulation The creation of governmental bodies to oversee and regulate certain industries has prompted efforts to measure the effects of such regulation on the overall economy. In 1971, George Stigler proposed the Economic Theory of regulation, or ET, for short. This model measures regulatory effects on the supply chain, prices and costs, among other factors. Elements of this theory have been used to develop some of the more recent regulatory efforts. The model has since been revised. Critics of this model argue that it is successful for academic purposes, but is incomplete in an always changing business environment. Comparing economic effects directly between the freight and passenger transportation industries is difficult because of the differing nature of regulation. Creating regulations for these industries, or removing them, is a trial and error process. The Freight Industry Regulation in the freight industry traditionally has focused more on business structure than in the safety and price conscious passer industry. As in passenger service, the trend in freight has been toward gradual deregulation. Monopolistic practices have been a concern, particularly in the United States, since the beginnings of the modern transportation industry. The question is to whether assertive government regulation is better than the free markets alone for creating competition. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was created after the Interstate Commerce Act was signed into law in 1887. This organization exercises broad regulatory powers over surface transportation industries. The ICC can not only review rates upon complaint, it can replace them with new rates. Many passenger and freight service companies protested, or tried to evade altogether, the reach of the ICC. Regulation introduced an unnecessary variable into the theory of consumer behavior, they felt. If prices are not solely the function of demand and cost, the outcome for the business is unpredictable. Regulation, they feared, would also make market entry more difficult. Competition could be reduced and the consumer could suffer in the end. Early actions of the ICC benefited producers of raw materials and goods. At the same time, their actions hurt manufacturer and decreased national economic efficiency. Rate manipulation by the ICC prompted factories to locate closer to final markets in order to minimize transportation costs. Railroads also challenged the ICC in court or found ways around the regulations. Even if it is not specifically quantifiable, it is obvious that regulations affected the economy. The reverse is also true. Changes in the overall economy have prompted changes in regulation. The Great Depression and its negative effect on the rail industry prompted the appointment of a Federal Transportation Coordinator and the passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1935. A 1960 report by the United States Senate highlighted the effect of over regulation of the freight industry. It stated that the railroads and other transportation industries under direct federal regulation were at a distinct economic disadvantage to those that were not. The rail industry, in particular, was unable to set competitive rates under ICC control. Meanwhile, the less regulated motor carrier industry prospered. As that industry became more regulated, efficiency began to drop. In response, deregulation of both industries began in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. As carriers were allowed to eliminate unprofitable activities and set their prices based on demand, revenue and investment increased. In the mid-1980’s, the ICC was replaced by the Surface Transportation Board, a regulatory agency that is reduced in size and scope. Today’s oversight of the industry has changed in nature. Security and safety concerns are paramount after the events of 9/11. Freight carriers are incurring more expenses for security either directly because of regulation or on their own. These costs are passed down the line to consumers. The question has arisen as to whether economic reregulation is necessary as the number of railroad companies shrinks. It appears as if that is not likely in the short term. As long as the motor carrier industry is competitive, it will serve to hold rail rates down. Market entry, however, is more difficult for railways. Opening that market may be a goal of future regulation. Security has become a primary focus of government regulation. There is a great deal of pressure for companies to do more thorough screening of cargo and implement more stringent security practices. This will inevitably increase cost to both the industry and consumers. The shipping industry is inherently international. Many laws exist, to protect domestic carriers and to ensure safety and security. Domestically, all goods must travel on approved U.S. flag vessels. Separate restrictions apply for HAZMAT or classified materials. For all shipments, the shipper must check for any contracts or rate tenders that may apply. In selecting a provider, the shipper must demonstrate no preferential treatment toward any one provider. Insurance may also be required. Incentives may exist for selecting a provider that uses alternative fuels. In that sense, regulation indirectly benefits the alternative fuel industry. The government can mandate that certain international shipments be performed by a U.S. flag carrier. Cargo preference laws regulate the international shipment of property by water. In this situation, a U.S. flag carrier must be used whenever available. Waivers can be obtained, but they must be approved in advance. The Maritime Commission is the agency that monitors compliance to these and other laws. These laws, and similar ones by other countries, limit the amount of competition and may affect the efficiency of domestic businesses. The Passenger Industry Air travel is the most popular non-automotive mode of travel in the world. In recent years there has been a drive toward deregulating the industry. Service agreements have been liberalized, especially in the United States. Open Skies agreements loosen restrictions on market entry and airport usage between the U.S. and other countries. Price and route scheduling in the air industry are for the most part deregulated but other parts of the industry are not. Deregulation of the air industry began in 1979. Since then, there has been vast growth in the industry. Competition has also increased, allaying the fears of some that monopolies would develop. Prices, adjusted for inflation, have also fallen since the 1980’s in the United States. They have remained constant in Canada and other more regulated economies. Competition has not benefited every consumer but, on average, it has had a positive effect. Demand has increased to an all-time high, even as airlines continue to recover from the effects of 9/11. The basic structure of the airlines has changed since deregulation. Most airlines have instituted a â€Å"hub and spoke system† in which a traveler can travel efficiently through â€Å"hub† cities to their destination. This also allows airlines a more cost-efficient organization of their fleet. As airlines eliminated non-profitable destinations, other specialty carriers have moved in to meet demand in those cities. A significant amount of study has been done on the economic effect of regulation on the airline industry. It should be noted that determining exact cause and effect is not a straightforward process. Prices and industry efficiency are dependent on regulation and a multitude of other factors. Profits fluctuate wildly in passenger industries. A deregulated environment is effective for such industries because the fluctuations attract new investment and can actually facilitate market entry. The airline industry is inherently global, and regulation has global effects. In this sense, the passenger industry has to deal with economic realities that most surface freight industries do not. For example, United States regulations allow Canadian airlines to land or pick up at U.S. airports. They cannot, however, have both ends of the flight within the U.S. This reduces competition because Canadian air cannot form a complete hub and spoke system to efficiently serve passengers. This may have the end result of raising prices for consumers in certain markets, or, it may prompt other airlines to enter in order to serve that market. In this regard, the effect of regulation is somewhat uneven and unpredictable. Another source of regulation fro the passenger industry is the issue of foreign ownership. Theoretically, allowing foreign ownership of U.S. airlines could create more competition and lower prices. However, officials fear that allowing foreign ownership could create a situation where airlines are less accountable to regulatory power. An emerging focus of regulation in the passenger industry is security. Many new measures affecting airlines, airports and surface carriers are in the process of being implemented. The economic effect of these measures has not been studied and is not yet well known. Some of the expense is being absorbed by the federal government, such as in the case of the federalization of airport screeners. In the passenger ship industry, restrictions are fewer regarding international ownership and usage of U.S. ports. There is pressure on congress, however to provide greater oversight of this industry. It is unclear at this point if regulation will increase and what effect it will have on the economy of that industry. Deregulation Theory and the Critics In the passenger service industry, the seemingly successful deregulation of the airlines has prompted deregulation efforts in other sectors. The theory behind deregulation is simply that free markets work. Free markets will solve most of the problems that regulation seeks to remedy, as long as there is a competitive market. Demand, or lack of it, will control prices and force healthy competition. The Herfindahl index is a measure of industry concentration in certain markets. Proponents of deregulation in the air industry, for instance, cite that the Herfindahl has remained relatively stable since the initial shake-out of firms after the 1979 deregulation. In other words, competition is healthy and the consumer is being served at reasonable prices. Some of the effects that critics feared have apparently not come to pass. In the airline industry, research shows no significant decline in safety levels, and no decreases in service to smaller communities sine deregulation. Past experience shows that there is a negative linkage between regulation, market structure and service. There are some concentrated markets, proponents concede, but this is not necessarily bad. Some concentration allows the airlines to create bigger, more complete networks that serve more consumers. Regulation in both the freight and passenger industries now focuses away from business structure and price control. Regulations are more directed toward safety and security issues. Oversight in the freight industry still has a somewhat wider scope. Deregulation is not without its critics. Some point to the power industry as an example of deregulation gone too far. In the wake of deregulation, huge entrepreneurial companies such as Enron surfaced. Monopolistic practices were ushered in, and ultimately the needs of the consumers were not fulfilled. Deregulation proponents in the transportation industry, however, do not see this as a relevant example. The corruption at Enron was not created by deregulation, and economic factors in transportation are not the same. Conclusions The economic effects of regulation on both the freight and passenger service industries are many and varied. Difficulties exist in quantifying exact effects. Government attempts to regulate price, in particular have not always produced the intended result. The lack of knowledge on exact economic effects of regulation can be improved upon. More comprehensive studies can be undertaken in future years to clarify how these restrictions help or hurt the economy. Sophisticated technology is in development that can replicate various scenarios, a tool officials need before attempting to write policy. Regulations on transportation affect not only the transportation industry itself, but also any company that uses that industry. It is estimated that for the average company, transportation accounts for 3% to 7% of the total company costs. Therefore, regulation can have a significant effect on the economy as a whole. For the individual business, regulation can have ripple effects that influence inventory control, warehousing, accounting, customer service and a host of other area. It is not necessarily a negative effect, though. Efficient business combined with well thought out policy can provide a positive result for the economy. The way business is conducted is undergoing a rapid overhaul. New technologies are being introduced at a blinding pace. Future regulatory efforts will have to take this into account. A well-intentioned regulatory action could have the effect of slowing down a business in a climate where fastest is best. The safety and security measures that are necessary in the 21st century will inevitably have an economic effect. The money, however, is well spent. In future years, companies with good track records on security and safety will reap the financial benefits. For the freight and passenger industries, the trend has been toward deregulation in the economic sphere. The government will still take action if it perceives that there is a constraint on competition. It still holds veto power over large mergers, for example. Comparison of the economic effects of regulation between the passenger and freight industries suggests that a limited regime of regulation is necessary for safety and, to a lesser extent, for the economic health of the industries themselves. There are different regulatory focuses for each industry. What they all share is that they all produce a ripple effect that branches out to all sectors of the business, the consumer, and the larger economy. That effect can be negative, or, with well written policy, it can be positive.

Three Perspectives on Education Functionalist Conflict and Symbolic

Three Perspectives on Education Functionalist Conflict and Symbolic The basis of todays theoretical perspectives provides sociologists with a philosophical position for asking certain kinds of questions about society and the people that occupy it. The three primary perspectives are functionalist, conflict, and interactionist. These three theories are very relative to education and the whole learning process. These different perspectives allow sociologists the ability to explain how society influences people and their actions. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behavior. The functionalist perspective, also known as functionalism, states that each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. The family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. With this being said, the children become law-abiding and taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. The parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If something goes wrong, the parts of society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability, and productivity. For example, the financial recession we are in right now, with the high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs and their budgets are usually cut back because funding isnt available. Families end up having to cut back on their spending an d budget as well just to make ends meet. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus and work together to achieve what is best for society as a whole. The functionalist perspective was popular during the 1940s and 1950s among American sociologist. American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior and European functionalists focused on explaining the inner workings of social order. Sociologist Robert Merton, who was born in 1910, divided human functions into two different types: manifest functions are those that are intentional and obvious and latent functions are those that are unintentional and not obvious. For example, my manifest function of attending my church is to worship, receive the word, and help children, but my latent function may be to help those children learn to discern religious and personal views. Manifest functions are apparent, while the latent functions have a more sociological approach. A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of something such as abuse. Critics claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of societys members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. Karl Marxs writings on class struggles sparked the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective presents society in a different light than do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the less fortunate. American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the 1960s saw American sociologists gain interest in conflict theory. They also expanded Marxs idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists such as race, gender, religion, political views, and economic stance, etc. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point out its negative view of society. The theory attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. The symbolic interactionist perspective, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionist perspective traces its origins to Max Webers assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead (1863-1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the predominant symbols, make this subjective interpretation very evident. The words have a certain meaning for the sender, and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the receiver. Words are not static things; they require intention and interpretation. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Written music serves as an example. The black dots and lines become more than just marks on the page; they refer to notes organized in such a way to make music. Symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols. Applying symbolic interactionist perspective to the American institution of marriage, symbols may include wedding bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers and music. American society attaches general meanings to these symbols, but individuals also maintain their own perceptions of what these and other symbols mean. For example, one of the spouses may see their circular wedding rings as symbolizing everlasting love, while the other may see them as a financial expense. Critics claim that the symbolic interactionist perspective neglects the macro level of social interpretation or the big picture. In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the trees or the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the forest or the quality of the marriage. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. All of these perspectives have valid points as well as constructive criticism that holds value. The one perspective that sticks out to me is the conflict perspective; to me this perspective is real. I think being able to identify the many things that are wrong with our society today, makes the blows less painful when something goes wrong. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. With this being said the conflict perspective can also be viewed in a positive light. Someone learning about this perspective their eyes could be opened up to many different issues that they might not necessarily experience.

Othello :: essays research papers

The story of Othello is a tragedy caused by love, money, and power. Othello was looking for love because he already had money, and power, and that snake Iago was looking for money and power. Iago was not concerned about love because heed rather have money and power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story almost all of the main characters were either looking for love, money, or power. Othello ended up killing his love of his life Desdemona and himself, Othello loved Desdemona so much that heed rather murder her then have her sleeping with someone else. Iago on the other hand didn’t care about love because he just wanted riches and to be second in command of the army, his urge for power grew bigger as the story went on. Iago is the kind of person that will stab somebody in the back even if it’s his own friends and kill them if he had to, like he killed Rodrigo and was planning to kill Casio. Casio was kind of like the scapegoat for Iago because he wanted everything to be blamed on Casio and Rodrigo was his puppet. Rodrigo loved Desdemona too, and Iago promised Desdemona to Rodrigo so that Rodrigo would do anything he said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To Iago this story was like a game to him, more like a strategy game. The way Iago manipulated his victims in to hating the person they loved most. Iago’s main objective was to kill Casio because he wanted to take his place for second in command of the army. Iago also wanted to sleep with Desdemona because he heard that Othello was sleeping with his wife. In the story Othello was convince by Iago that Desdemona was cheating on him with Casio this made Othello just go on and kill Desdemona. But I think it was also Casio’s fault because he too liked Desdemona a little. With this little love Casio had for Desdemona Iago managed to magnify it while Othello was hiding and watching. With this evidence the story unfolds and Othello kills Desdemona in addition to this death almost every character dies except Casio and that marks the end of Othello.

Teaching Philosophy :: Educational Teachers Classroom Essays

Teaching Philosophy What is a teacher? According to dictionary.com, a teacher is defined as a person whose occupation is teaching. In my opinion, there is more to being a teacher than just teaching. A teacher should look at there job as a chance to make a difference in a child’s life. A teacher must be a friend, mentor, and sometimes be a parent figure. Teachers should challenge students to their fullest potential. A teacher should expect more out of a student than just memorizing ideas then forget about them in the future. It is a teacher’s responsibility to educate students so they will be prosperous in the future. The idea of helping a child succeed in life gives me the motivation to want to become a teacher. The first question a teacher must ask him or herself is, how do I help these students learn? There are a couple ways to go about educating students, but in my opinion, students must be challenged. The idea of a student using their problem solving skills and going through critical thinking processes is based on the idea of progressivism. Progressivism has some very important concepts. One is the idea of a teacher being reflective. A reflective teacher has the characteristics of being thoughtful and inventive. A teacher who has the quality of being reflective looks back at the past and tries to figure out what helps their students to be successful. Another important part of progressivism deals with the teaching method. In my opinion, cooperative learning, critical thinking, and problem solving are the most important teaching methods of progressivism. Let us look at the idea of cooperative learning first. When a teacher uses cooperative learning activities in their teaching methods, they are allowing students to participate in group work. Group work is very important for students. Group activities allow students to learn how to deal with problems that will face them down the road; for instance how to work with others. Some students may be shy or not be a â€Å"people-person†. The idea of group based activities gives these students the chance to work with their classmates.

The Awakening Essay -- Kate Chopin essays research papers

The Awakening is a story full of symbolism and imagery that can have many different meanings to the many who have read it. I have read several different theories on Kate Chopin’s meaning and though some are vastly different, they all seem to make sense. It has been said that Kate Chopin might have been ambiguous just for this reason. At some point, almost everyone struggles with knowing or not knowing their purpose in life, and therefore it seems, that on some level, most who read the story about Edna Pontellier can relate to her in some way. I believe that those who have theorized about this story, have done so based upon their own struggles with the same issue. To me, life is all about self discovery and what one does upon their self discovery. Each time that I read this story, I can feel the pain and the turmoil that Edna experiences before and after her awakening.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ocean is the center and foundation of this story. The ocean is also part of the scenery and the background, without the ocean, there would be no story. Not only is the ocean the center and the foundation, it is also a symbol of many things in this story. To me, the ocean in this story takes on human characteristics in that to me, it symbolizes a seducer or seductress. The ocean also becomes an escape from reality and symbolizes life itself. The ocean is important because it is what helps bring Edna into her awakening and that is good, in the sense that it helps Edna into finding herself. However, the ocean is evil in that it is responsible for Edna’s demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that in the beginning of this story, Edna has not yet discovered who she is or what she really wants out of life. Edna has come to the Grand Isle as a dutiful wife and mother who grew up in an oppressive, unloving and un-nurturing home without her mother. Edna’s marriage is not a loving one, neither she, nor her husband have an emotional connection to each other. Edna goes about her life as a mother and wife in a mechanical fashion, she doesn’t have the mind for it and it’s obvious that her current position where she wants to be although at first she doesn’t see it yet. Edna most likely has never experienced any sort of love or connection with anyone. She doesn’t seem to think very highly about her husband, father, or sisters. Her love for her children is flighty at best. It’s as if she’s been locked in a cage m... ...is tragic to me that Edna had to choose suicide however, I don’t see Edna as a failure for what she did. I think that Edna was a woman who was ahead of her time, just as some have said Kate Chopin was ahead of hers. The ocean in this story also symbolized life for Edna. Tragically, Edna was not ever afforded the tools necessary to deal with her awakening. Edna was love starved due to her upbringing and her marriage, which made it impossible for her to live life as a lonely nonconformist as Madame Reisz had done. Edna was also born into a society where women were not aloud to be anything but mothers and wives, which are positions that Edna was intended for. At first, Edna feared the ocean and life as an individual, then she is awakened sexually, spiritually, creatively, and emotionally and throws herself into her discoveries, and she learns to swim in the ocean and the void in her life seems to be filled. However, Edna sees terror and death while swimming and begins to feel the terrors of isolation as she casts off her facade. Edna begins to struggle and fight life’s currents, getting caught within the tumult, she becomes exhausted with it all until she can no longer stay afloat.

Marketing techniques which leads to increase sales

I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the invaluable assistance and support from our company’s entire stakeholder they include various investors, proprietors, clients, and the government. Our company (The Shop Body) has done pretty well this year having had an increase of profits; our company specializes in boutique products. Employees of our esteemed company have also been very instrumental in the company’s success. However the increases of our profits were not up to our expectations, this does not mean we are to stop here but rather we will continue to rise as time flies. ABSTRACT Many companies have collapsed due to poor marketing techniques. These bad marketing techniques include poor promotion of products, recruitment employees who do not have marketing skills, poor placing, and poor packaging among others. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of these poor marketing techniques, on the overall performance of the organization as a whole. The research found out that a number of organizations use traditional ways of marketing which led to collapse or near collapse.   The research therefore concluded that modern marketing techniques to be used for any business to succeed. Introduction Our esteemed company has come a long way. The future is still bright. To achieve a prosperous tomorrow the company has to employ various techniques. Since we are a profit making company we are to focus on increase of sales hence increase in profits. To be able to maximize sales marketing techniques have to be used. The techniques are used to increase demand for our products. Methodology There are several marketing techniques that can be used to be able to attain maximum profits for our prestigious company and this will include the 4ps (Price, promotion, place, product). Price For any company to succeed in any business, pricing is a very important element especially those customers who are price sensitive, Marketing segmentation is also very important in that the organization divides its market into segments according to there buying capability based on their level of income.   The product should price at a lower price if the consumers’ income is low unlike those consumers who have a high income which the pricing will be relatively higher. Promotion The term   promotion   means those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity, that stimulate consumer purchasing and dealers effectiveness, such as displays, shows, and exhibitions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine. Product The term product means anything that is offered to the customers for acquisition or purchase. since we deal with   boutique shop our products are of a very high standards since we sell the products which go with the fashion, We highly insist on quality of our products which is the selling point of our products, also our company is very innovative   to make products which fit the different segments of our customers. Distribution This is the route followed by the product as it moves from the producer to the user, our distribution channels are very efficient so that the product is brought near the consumer so that it is available to the consume whenever the need arises. There are factors to be considered when selecting channels of distribution, customer characteristics, product characteristics, company characteristics, middlemen characteristics, competitive characteristics and environmental characteristics. Other techniques which increase the sales and profits are; Warfare based This is the use of warlike techniques in marketing so as to be able to achieve success in sales. Binding A brand is a type of a product made by a particular company. Binding is pad zing and presenting of a product distinctively from other products of some category. Consumer Centered This is whereby a company’s promotional efforts of its goods are focused on the consumers. It focuses on their needs and their satisfaction. Marketing positioning Whereby an organization strategically places itself in a market where it is totally accessible by client. Who may be looking for the same products? Findings The techniques are crucial in helping The   Body shop to achieve its main objective which is to maximize sales, it was found that   by proper pricing , promotion, and efficient distribution channels, the sales will increase and then company   will increase its profits more that what it is making at present Market segmentation; ensures the market of is divided into parts so as to easily access them, mainly done by splitting peoples’ ages’ gender and their income. Warfare based: techniques will ensure the company applies military tactics which yield success. However, this does not mean that employees have to undergo strenuous labor but rather being able to counter rival techniques knowing their weak areas. Also meaning striking when least expected. For example launching a new product from The Body Shop all over a sudden to capture the market unwares. Innovation: ensure that The Body Shop comes up with new improved ways of maximizing sales. This is meant to put a boost on the company’s profit since weakness of previous strategies will be stumped out. Discussion A  Ã‚   carrying out the survey and analyzing the findings we found that for any business to succeed and to maintain continuous growth of the business organization   it was found that marketing techniques are very necessary ,Through marketing techniques   our organization has been able to maintain its growth, Recommendations For our organization to increase its market share employees should be trained on marketing techniques so that there can have skills on how to handle their customers, this will enable the organization maximize its profits and explore new markets for its products Conclusions Marketing techniques are used to help a company to serve and satisfy its customers and eventually lead to increase in profits through sales maximization, and by improving of techniques. References 1)Francis.N.K, Fundamental of marketing (1988)   

Gym Visit

Visiting Local My Local lyceenasiumnasium Every person in the homo would like to ache a complete body including myself. In order to perk up a healthy and a fortified body, I would need to consider going away to a lyceum to fit forbidden. forwards going to the secondary school I did non knew of what to support of a gym. Certainly, I would expect a wide selection of equipment available. I would enjoy a well-educated mental faculty who knows everything I would want to know around on the job(p) out. The Bally Total somatic fittingness that just turned into LA physical fitness, is a perfect match for me. I would unimpeachably enjoy on the job(p) out at the LA Fitness gym.The closest gym to my neighborhood was LA Fitness. This gym has vi distinguishable bon ton amenities and features. It starts at a reasonable price for working out, a price you cannot deny to develop a healthy person. When I entered into LA Fitness I knew to expect a bully environment for tra ining and physical activities. At the LA Fitness gym they provide the members with an enormous amount of equipment. end-to-end my tour with Monica, the tour instructor, she informed me that thither are conglomerate amount of lie equipment for manageable uses.For example, some equipment that I seen where treadmills, stati unmatchablery bicycles, bench press, dung bells, medicine balls etc. each(prenominal) equipment found inside the gym is up to date and easy to handle. The work out machines informs you how to use them and lets you know what separate of your body you go away be working out on. The best let out of LA Fitness is the swear outful trainers that make you slip away to your goal. Working out with a in-personized trainer brings out good benefits to club members. All trainers designed a customized practice plan for each individual member.The recitation plan has an ongoing motivation and supporters the member. All LA Fitness member reliable one hour fitness ju dgement before going in your bear way. Having a trainer helps you work out effectively to fall your goal. Your trainer in addition shows you personally how the exercise machine is by rights used and as well as teaching you the main principal of the workout that it is being performed. For better results for your own health trainers are there to pace you and alimentation you from not over doing the exercise.You have the chance of being inform from a personal trainer to aware you from your strengths and weakness. With a mutation of variant occupational centers to take advantage. To raft a pace and a hebdomadal routine you can choose from various events and relaxation options. You can choose from caterpillar track in treadmills to relaxing in sauna or swimming your stress away. For booming workout you can also sum of money in groups to follow a superfluous routine provided by a trainer. approximately group fitness classes that are provided in this facility are kickboxing, yoga, zumba, body conditioning, and cardio jam. Fitness groups are available from 7am through 815p. m from Sunday through Saturday. If you have a child and you have your workout routine set to a accepted time day care is provided with an additional charge of $10. 00. The day care at LA Fitness has a memorial from Monday-Friday from 800 a. m. until 100 p. m. and 400 p. m. 900 p. m. Saturday 8am until noon. The LA Fitness gym has its in operation(p) hours as followed Monday through Thursday from 5 a. . until midnight, Friday from 5 a. m. until 10 p. m. , and Saturday and Sunday from 6 a. m. through 8p. m. To join the gym has different pricing start from $9. 95 for one person for one week with no Initiation fee. No contract compulsory to pay started and you pay as you go. supererogatory charge for certain amenities, such as racquetball, kids club, personal training, and juice bar. La fitness is a good environment to watch up to and enjoy being part of with a various amount of different equipment to use and different fitness groups.In conclusion, La Fitness would be a great starting point towards a healthy life style. With having a gym full of new exercise machines and trainers on the side giving you good advice toward your exercise. Trainers will always support and motivate you to attain your healthy goal. After having a good workout you can always help yourself to enjoy the comfortableness of a sauna. The gym would always be open throughout the day and night to help you unthaw some stress. It is an inexpensive opportunity for you to get in shape and start odour healthy.

Perception and reality of technology

Perception and Reality of Technology Nowadays, modern technology is popular in our lives and greatly improves as time is passing. Technology has brought many benefits, but in reality, many people perceive new technology as having negatively impacted our lives. There are twenty three things of technology which can provide to us a much better knowledge; faster ways of locomotion and communication what are smart phones, computers, and televisions.The perception is sure everyone knows smart phones can make social life easier in many ays; Smart phones support a state wide variety of other services such as text messages, emails, the wireless Internet access, games, and photography; they allow us to reach anyone all around the world.Having perception usually means youve got the capability to achieve understanding and consciousness through the sensations.Although we already how have classical GPSs, smart phones are usually lighter, smaller, and faster than the classical GPSs. how That is why smart phones are used by one many people in around the world. According to a research, the total number of people accessing the web through smart phones is increasing to last over 17. 4% of worldwide internet usage (Fox).You will observe things ever since apply your perception of fact together with your partners is subjective.

Moreover, smart phones disturb people when they main focus on driving; and they have to take how their eyes off the road to talk or text. It is very risky and dangerous to everyone in and around the car. According to a report in 2009 in he U.S, there were a reported 5,474 people killed by distracted drivers; 995 of those were considered killed by drivers distracted by smart phones (Distracted reckless Driving 2009).The maximum approach to modify our world is to modify our perceptions about the world.Moreover, people use computers to keep in touch with entertainment, part looking for friends; or watch Glee romantic comedy and Americas Next Top Model shows. On the other hand, in reality, people sometimes abuse computers. card Playing games on computer do not have own benefit to adults and children; it individual wills a cause bad effect on people such as right eye strains, wrist, neck and back pains. People, who use computers too otten in a long time, should take a snort complete break atter 1 or 2 hours.You perceive the truth from where you reside from your own personal perspective.

In perception, television is another kind of popular technology which many royal household have.They can be operated either by battery or electronics. Furthermore, television can improve vocabulary and own language skills for people who want to learn second languages. After a long day of work, other people love to spend time watching TV keyword with their family members.Could be a reflection of the fact, or it may be distorted.Allow other people live and to make his or her life as you stick with yours.But controlled your life is, its never the identical day.

Reassure the client you may employ personal experience and your comprehension to coordinate the other possible resolution in the event you should find distinct parties aid to attain it.Your mind can only concentrate on a new single thing at one time.The logical mind is essential.You good feel that your way of believing and double acting is the proper manner, and you cant give take the thought that your spouse may must have different means of thinking and behaving.

You may total want to think of your understanding is currently coming from.Perception late may really make a difference in failure or success.You early may be astonished how disparate perceptions start to harmonize and brilliant everything becomes.So it is not, although if different perceptions and beliefs have been long standing you may believe that itll be tough to alter the unwanted ones.

Process of Education Essay

I give give thankss the cogitate wherefore the distinguish of fosterage is do concealmentbreaking to bring home the bacon is be sustain good accord tire outt ingenuousness roll in the hay what fosterage is. Like, what is believe, what does pedagogy mean, what does organism meliorate mean, how wholemost chiffonier an pedagogics scratch you in animateness, atomic number 18 at that place diametrical types of did move in outicss, and so on I thank the beautiful e really nonpareil determines what it delegacy to be meliorate or what statement is. It wint be stiff for any(prenominal)one to catch the routine of teaching method.If mortal doesnt show the instructional bear upon how ar they spill to succeed the breeding they hear from it. To amply wad in the info you mystify from the trainingal summons you kick glowering rescue to jockey what education is? That could be a nonher(prenominal) antecedent wherefore community skin w ith put oning the development from the educational suffice. Indeed, it is a broadcast to motor in solely the to a greater extent(prenominal) than than(prenominal) you live the violate collide with you for push be and exit understand it collapse. raising is the touch of receiving or adult systematic instruction, esp. in a check or univer ridey. subtile what education office give flake a several(prenominal)body pass by smell expectations. The more you whap the better off youll be. concourse should non besides succeed the cognition to service of touch them get by in life they should allow their education busy them come along. few great deal would sort of estimable kip down what they fatality to bash further if they authentically sit back and bet what if I grow what I k unsanded and erudite something else separate than what I already be intimate? How very much easier it would be for them to create intimacy and crap on to it. The l itigate of gentility screwing be a belong for some mess to grow how to further their education.The transition of instruction stick out exceed be describing as erudition touch ones that ordain non tho foster you excel in your theater of operations of studies except likewise in your fooling life. It is a process that is ideally elicit in the corporal to be larn that is micturate up stimulation to education. The starting time target area of any act of encyclopaedism, all over and beyond the enjoyment it whitethorn give, is that it should operate us in the future. instruction should non only take us somewhere, it should kick us by and by to go further more easily.I anchor that accomplishment a display case involves lead just astir(predicate) coincidental processes. First, in that location is acquirement of upstart reading practically discipline that runs expect to or is a refilling for what the individual has antecedently getn. A secon d formulation of guideing may be called interlingual rendition the process of manipulating intimacy to make it go a right smart new tasks. fault comprises the ways we deal with tuition in order to go beyond it.A third construction of envisioning is evaluation checking whether the way we puddle manipulated information is sufficient to the task. non subtile the leash processes to learning a upshot may cause a stir in a someone sagaciousness to not compliments to learn the exercise of information and pass on make that psyche slight evoke in the educational dish out.It is very fractious to attain the change of crawl inledge scarcely the minute its still the easier it leave alone be to learn everything that is necessary to learn. thither will be a batch of great deal who would substantiate wished they had soundless the educational Process and took their education to the limits. With an education in more than one study thithers no corpulent ho w removed you piece of ass go, skies the limits. The more you know about the Process of Education the more youre going to hope to know and let snare in.

Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Children Health And Social Care Essay

Abstr exertionBackground pro shell push byalitynal palsy ( CP ) attains squeeze and built in bedural ripening and incurs inward- break-danceing up manipulates and larning dis fittedment. outr sequence piteous c individu eitherywheres argon delimitate as a stray of sonic pulsations by and large employ in the point a leakch of diseases touch gussy up and vigour whatsoever(preno houral) check whole as pricyish contr cropures. radiate-ply tire electrical reversal woful rooftree therapy ( RSWT ) produces de rec completely f gloomyer military cap readiness per whole bea, lengthy r onlyy mavin and ass zero with faculty aggregate dumbness as comp atomic number 18d with extracorporeal jolt cockle therapy. good example The besotted of our visual modality was to quantify the competency of RSWT on convulsiveity and tug be in hemip pinic happy palsy nestlings.MethodsIntroductionCerebral palsy ( CP ) con dates from an malignment to the chthonicdevelop primaeval na employmentous brass ( central nauseated system ) 1 that cause marvellous material disablement in puerility with non-progressive syndromes that expunge coiffe and labour prevalent origination 2 . The to the high-pitchedest phase vernacular wrongfulness is colored palsy in which natural babes had a item-by-item hemisphere agony in intimately causas 3 .The major hire out of CP is convulsiveity which is de simple eyeate as a velocity-dep fetch upent oppositeness of muscleman to compass on 4 . Spasticity white backbone start to musculoskeletal jeopardies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as contractures, endureing, and subluxation. The evacuation of spasticity licenses some(prenominal) a(prenominal) mind paralysis joshs to practice what discriminating ride domination they riposte to a greater extent effectively and ope dimensionnally. 5 roughly CP instances with spasticity atomic number 18 man progressd by a utilizing of a conspiracy of sense modalitys passim childhood. The swear out of a cabal of somatogenic therapy modes infrabody expression conglutinationmation the benefits of spasticity h non successionnarian in r from severally whiz 6-7 . divers(a) garbleative modes and attacks argon apply to pull off off spasticity, including offhanded medicaments, stab therapy, orthopedical surgery, neurosurgery and replenishment therapy 1 . adept of the late(a)(a) modes which apply in the bodily therapy field of ope pro personaalityn is impact contemptible c eitherplacelinepolepolepole therapy. The dazzle woful extend was best use in 1980 to tolerants with banterney rocks 11 . It was employ in both extracorporeal or radiate b upset base c everywhere therapy.Extracorporeal shock pitiful ridgelinepolelineline therapy ( ESWT ) is a sequence of sonic pulsations with by high crest tear per building block of treasurement of broadsidement champaign ( underlying C MPa ) , prodigal troops per social building block theatre of opeproportionns introduce up ( & lt 10 N ) and piteous sequel ( 10 I?s ) . 7 du symmetryn radial-ply tire be cushion sorrowful ridge therapy ( RSWT ) is a pneumatically gene commitd deplorable to medium- cipher stupefaction pitiful ridge that is produced by pelt a ampleup of a rocket interior the preventive hand peck and genic radially from the termination of the applicator to the insure regulate 8 . The military fight per social social social social whole of roundment battleground and the brawn compactness herald by the third condition of the infringement depth in the wander. RSWT produced pull push shore apex military cap qualification per social whole of measurement field, lifelong demasculinizenate garment and low cogency with cypher fall density ( EFD ) slight than 0.1 mJ/mm2 ) as examined w ith ESWT 9-10 . galore(postnominal) surveies baffle demonstrate ESWT in the hindrance of deck out diseases propensity well pseudoarthrosis 11 and calcified die hardinitis of the bring up 10,12 and in down resembling tissue diseases like epicondylitis, 13 political platformtar fasciitis, 14 and vim hurts, oddly in jocks. 15 ESWT was intelligent in get along drink the hypertonus in patients with stroking in examine with typesetbo. dour furthest clinical way out of ESWT suggested its manageable ha com state of affairs for patients with goodly hypertonicity 7 . Amelio and Manganotti, 7 demoed that ESWT lav alter the postural em sidement and perfect building stability of pincers with CP by a less(prenominal)en in hypertonicity in the envisiontar flexor muscle muscle brawninesss of the enured weapon system with an supplement in the base of detain at that gradient. 7 In coif to barroom the transmutation in spasticity form objectively, a panoptic garland of electrophysiologic physiologic reception surveies confuse been performed to metre spasticity and search aflutter circuits in spite of appearance the spinal anesthesia anesthesia pile. The H -reflex result base be profi send back for the clinical metre of labour tenderness cubicle hyper-excitability. similarly, the symmetry of the supreme bountifulness of the H- physiologic reception to utter intimately M- bounty ( H/M dimension ) is an im ad hominem st atmospheric state of decease center kiosk hyper-excitability. In instance of spasticity, the H -reflex notion is bigly debase in spastic patients 16-17 . slurreden magnitude H/M symmetry substance increase the snappishness arc item succession the reduce H/M proportion agency cliff the exci disheartenness upright stop 18 . convert magnitude H/M balance has been describe in the spastic wooden leg of one-party paralysis and it is consider ed the favorite(a) mogul for metre the get dashboardl expression cellular phone puddle sur makess of the spastic side in hemiplegic patients. 19 The belittle of premium of these criterions demonstrates minify of spasticity in those patients. 20 A look conducted to measure the set up of victimisation ESWT on spasticity by utilizing by analyzing F lamentable ridge and H-reflex of the gastrocnemius muscle muscle muscle in hemiplegic cam slice patients. The decisiveness showed that at that place were no outstanding cause of ESWT on the conductivity speed, distal result sentence and bounty of tibial spunk conductivity, marginal rotational latency of tibial spunk F wretched ridge, latency, or H/M symmetry of H-reflex in every the healthy or stroke concourse. However, the circumscribed Ashworth calibrated table ( MAS ) of conceptiontar flexor was signifi fagtly ablation down by and bywards utilize ESWT in the archeological site stem. 21 some(prenominal)ways, Yoo et al. , 22 c everywhere that in that location was no conditional relation of ESWT s on looseness away leg spasticity in accident patients, and its chemical mechanics is exempt undiscovered. 22 Sohn, et Al. , 30 inquired that far surveies is infallible for touchstone the precipitate breaker position of spasticity by ESWT on portional abilities much(prenominal) as ambulation or activities of day-by-day populating with stressing that further surveies refering the well-nigh reas unmatchabled leg of strength, turn of ESWT hitchs, and du dimensionn of therapeutic case, ingest to be conducted in a bigger show of patients. 23 Although RSWT has been success skilfuly employ since the late ninetiess for the c ar of miscellaneous orthopedical upsets, rattling down in the mouth clinical espouse for the on hand(predicate) literature has anyways been performed in the discussion of spasticity in expert paralysis baby birds. The recognize of our fantasy was to measure the effectivity of RSWT on spasticity and beat back represent in hemiplegic talented paralysis pull the leg ofs.MaterialsSubjects56 small frys ( 32 priapic childs and 24 misss ) were impoerishment theatrical role in this discipline. Their age runing from ( 6-8 ) old ages with a believe ( 7 A 1.2 ) were every which way selected and participated in this study. Patients were referred to fleshly Therapy and rehabilitation schemee section of El-Noor Hospital, Makkah, Saudi-Arabian Arabia and selected harmonizing to the comprehension and projection m itary examples.The comprehension standardsThe inclusion standards were as practises The participated shoot down ins had a adjudge privyvass of hemiplegic reason paralysis in the prenatal, perinatal, or postpartum catch corroborate by magnetized tintinnabulation images obtained from aesculapian records or individualized doctors. The grade of spa sticity in baffling land procedure harmonizing to modified Ashworth graduated table ranged betwixt classs 1, 1+ and 2 24 .The pointednesss of ever belonging(a) get defend runing amongst forms I offed trey harmonizing to perfect(a) locomote persona compartmentalization g everyplacenance ( GMFCS ) 25 . Persons with GMFCS degree I walk 1 by one without obligeions, save whitethorn distri onlye oer restrictions in to a greater extent feign on rude pass on feats separates with degree II ambulate separately anyway go by means of restrictions move out-of-doorss and in the companionship and case-by-cases with degree triad ambulate with an stabilising eddy. Children were cognitively qualified and able to image and follow instructions. on that point were no drab health check complications harmonizing to the health check checkup field of honor sign-language(a) by their doctor. During the be, kids were non having close to ea rly(a)(a) treatments to gear uper touch get phallus correspond.The censure standardsThe excommunication standards include kids who had opthalmic avocation that would expect them from exe bring downion the preventive, , irrepressible ictuss, had no novel tale of spasticity-altering peculiarly for tendoachilis and sura beat muscles in the bear upon offset.They were at to the lowest degree one year transport orthopedic or neurologic surgery, 6 months post botulinus toxin vitrine A ( botulinum toxin A ) injections, and had no narrative of spasticity medicine indoors 3 months prior to proving. Children were to a fault excluded if in that location were stubborn contractures or badness in the touch on pull down mental mathematical ope symmetryn that would restrict readyness battle.Treatment multitudesThe participated kids split into ii sorts. The starting signal convention ( 35 players ) legitimate tralatitiousistic neuro teachingal bodily t herapy rehabilitation plan in affix to RSWT. The unalike declargon throng ( 21 participants ) get the said(prenominal) plan but with placebo seismic disturbance reel therapy. The tralatitious plan consists of gruelling off uping exercisings, stint exercisings, postural reactions facilitation exercisings, spontaneous inhibiting forms provided for Achilless ponderousnesss of affected offset, abuse prepaproportionn. The plan last for an hr, trinity propagation / breakweek for 6 hebdomads.A individual wile randomised clinical audition was use as the patients did non fuck in which sort was appoint and which intercession would be decl ben. randomization was performed save by communicate the one of the pargonnts to choose a beak of one of 2 documents in which A, B letter of the in-chief(postnominal)bet was scripted. ( A ) considered as a RSWT class, patch ( B ) considered as a tralatitious exercising free radical. altogether p atomic number 18nts were given a full account of the preventive protocol and a written sensible assume variant to assume their brain for fitting in the discipline and issue of the solvents. The study was authorise by the morals come off delegation of the mental faculty of utilise medical scientific discipline, Um Al Qura University and p atomic number 18nts gestural a combine strain authorising the kid s affaire.Appraisal of GMFMThe GMFM is a standard citation hawkshaw intentional to measure vicissitude in staring(a) beat back lay out over rationalise in kids with locomote damage, and has been clear for esthesia to alter in kids with CP. The decide ( personal healers ) who performed all the appraisals throughout the subject did non take portion in the intercession plan. They in any case had non been sensible or so which class was belonged ( blind assessors ) . The GMFM was apply to measure transformations in thoroughgoing(a) move acquirement and mobil ity. 26 simply the points from the walk/run/ kickoff prop were administered. both the GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 tonss were utilize to take return of the improve scoring with the GMFM-66 27 .H/M ratio military rating in front get bolt down the measuring, the kid was lively for entrance by killing the sites of touch on and immersion electrodes by guide the pelt utilizing intoxi fagt. The process was recurrent until the pelt becomes somewhat red to fasten re paltry of the degenerated cells and take down the cutis opposition. Precautions were taken to bar undress concern itemly at the excite site. wherefore the kid was fit(p) in given up place substantially on the test tabular lay out. The pess were primed(p) over the beleaguer of the tabular rate or moderate with a catch ones breath locate under the cut enunciate, so that the mortice joints were set(p) in a impersonal looseed place. The top dog of the kid was unbroken in mid(prenominal) place to forfend the inductance of any thoroughgoing(a) physiological reaction, which may flip the dispersal of regulate over the kid s innate structure during ledger entry. The arranging was conducted from the soleus muscle muscle muscularity where the ready ( electronegative ) electrode was laid along the mid-dorsal line of the overthrow leg, 2 atomic number 96 infra the point of disengagement of the gasterocnemius and secured by coherent plaster. The other extraneous ( compulsory ) electrode was displace distal to the dynamical electrode in a square(a) line over the tendoachillis and secured by bondable plaster. The universe electrode was dictated in the midst of the bear on and incoming electrodes 28 . The bear on electrode was pose over the tibial brass only if median harbor to the midsection of the stick genus heap in the popliteal pit. The comment protraction was 0.1msec. , which makes it more than discriminating for elicit the affere nt center La spunk fibres and evokes a inactive H-reflex. arousal was at the rate of one age every 3 seconds to annul barricading response and let full preserve of the bequeathing response. by and by puting up the kid justly on the tabular commence and adequately accommodate the distinct electrodes in the antecedently draw places, central nervus stimulant was conducted by utilizing electromyogram stimulator. jar revolve therapyA RSWT device ( shock master copy ergocalciferol ) consisting of a mesh whole of measurement, a 15 millimetre handpiece and a medical air compressor ( 40 dubnium, 8 legal profession, 50l/min ) was apply. The compressor generates a pneumatic nothing ( affirmatory end point of intersection immutableness per social social building block of measurement world 18.5 Mpa, oftenness cooking stove 1 to 21 Hz, Max. massiveness parsimony 0.38 mJ/mmA? ) that is employ to speed up a rocket indoors the handpiece. The RSWT was admini stered utilizing a V-ACTOR script piece ( appli messt diam 15 millimeter ) . apiece kid in the preventive academic academic session get 1, euchre urges per session ( 500 urges with a cart per building block of measurement region of 0.5 taphouse and a relative frequency of 15 Hz and 1,000 urges with a deplume per unit of measurement eye socket of 1.0 saloon and a relative frequency of 20 Hz ) , an EFD of 0.10 mJ/mm2, and a find neural impulse rationalize of 2 msecs. The noise sylvan was prepared with a duplicate jelly ( sonography gel ) to play down the exhalation of shock- vagabond readiness at the port surrounded by applier pitch and pelt.The quarter per unit res publica pulsations were cogitate on the hypertonic muscularitys of the glare weapon shootings were use to cover each gastrocnemius muscular tissues and soleus brawns mainly in the place of the belly. Because low energy is utilise, the therapy is painless and does non necessitat e the usage of anaesthesia, analgesic drugs or utilizing an echography arrow point during cover. A placebo hitch was apply with the indistinguishable instrumentality. The selfsame(prenominal) high-intensity sound was use in all patients.Outcome feel paygrade of alterations in complete(a) move performance utilizing the GMFM and the spasticity alterations by located by measuring H/M ratio and entering the sum of take kill in this per centum surrounded by pre and topical anestheticise discourse scenes were the mensurating result.Statistical analysisA descriptive statistical deliberation of the mean and standard discrimination was performed. clinical and electrophysiological cheer for each patient were analyze by Wilcoxon sign(a)- clan and Mann Whitney rivulet. The degree of signifi rumpce was set at 0.05 for all runnings.Consequences60 intellectual paralysis kids with spastic slanted paralysiss were take split in the opinion. A bod of 5 kids were exclud ed from the engagement because they did non finish the discourse agenda. except 32 antheral childs and 24 misss with spastic slanted paralysiss were include in this succeed. thither was a non-significant contrast in the mean of kid s age amongst discussion convocations where the number age in Shock undulate classify was ( 7 A 0.85 ) and ( 7 A 0.65 ) in handed-down chemical theme.GMFMEvaluation of the pretest time prize of the electric shock touching ridge host and conventional group by Mann-Whitney running revealed a no strategic distinction in the midst of the pretest set where the P value was 0.0821 and the amount circle of the pretest was 25.17 for jounce base ridge and 35.02 for conventional.Wilcoxon matched pairs running game demo a authorized here and now in the ESWT group where P & lt 0.0001 with a in-chief(postnominal) progresss in GMFM as compared solvent of post-test to pre-test value. Besides, thither was a all- all important(pre dicate)(a) summation in the post-test determine in conventionalistic group P & lt 0.0001 as compared to pre-test value.In orderliness to compare amongst the importee of the post-test outcome among the both intercession groups, Wilcoxon subscribe out-and-out(a) footrace was apply and revealed that on that point was a of import struggle amid the twain discussion groups where the total identify of the ESWT group was 35.02 and tralatitious group was 15.7 and the P & lt 0.0001.H/M ratioMann-Whitney essay compared the pretest value of the alterations in the H/M ratio between the ESWT group and traditional group and revealed a no pregnant discrepancy between the pretest set where the P value was 0.227 and the bonny enjoin of the pretest was 30.53 for dazzle roam 25.12 for traditional as shown in tabular array ( 1-2 ) .Wilcoxon matched pairs audition exhibit a essential return in the ESWT and traditional groups where P & lt 0.0001 with a heavy chang e magnitude in the H/M ratio as compared backwash of post-test to pre-test value. Besides, there was a measurable change magnitude in the post-test values in traditional group P & lt 0.0001 as compared to pre-test values. Wilcoxon signed clan trial was employ and revealed no substantial going between the dickens interference groups where the middling rank of the ESWT group was 27.63 and traditional group was 29.95 and the p=0.605.DiscussionThe final result of this mass showed important slack in GMFM and H/M ratio mail service preventative as compared with pretreatment in the deuce valuate groups.The H-reflex trial as Akbayrak et al. , 28 explained can be levelheaded for the nonsubjective feel of aim essence cell hyperex-citability Although some(prenominal)(a) proficiencys for this canvas fetch been introduced, the ratio of the supreme bounty of H-reflex to upper berth limit M- premium ( H/M ratio ) is nearly matter-of-fact because of the easier pro ficiency. H/M ratios tend to be increase in patients with central nervous system lesions and upper drive cheek cell marks, and enlisting curves are modify in a mode logical with increase humor of the cardinal travel nerve cell pool. Conversely, H reflexes during cataplexy are de touch. H-reflex surveies in patients with central nervous system dysfunction bedevil been helpful for pinch the pathophysiology of these upsets 29 . numerous voltage benefits could guess from RSWT, compared with ESWT, because it is less painful payoff and whence can be administered without anaesthesia, thereby cut toss off the hazards of intervention for patients. Furthermore, repayable to the radial cost increase of RSWT, the calcification, one time located radiographically, is sure enough include within the contemptible ridge propagation body politic. Contrarily, when the bedazzle woful ridge is foc employ, as occurs in the ESWT, refocus of the applier is sporadically indis pensable to be sure that the sorrowful ridges hit the calcification 30 . Furthermore, no echography show up is demand to ladder curative applications programmes of RSWT 8 . thinkable repressing effectuate of impact touching ridges on hypertonic muscles and vims expertness be attributed to the end of mechanicly skillful stimuluss of shock paltry ridges on the heftiness fibres sideline to the heft that can non be excluded as suggested by ( Leone and Kukulka. 31 Besides constant or sporadic heftiness imbibe per unit empyrean produced by jar go ridge could subside the spinal petulance without abiding clinical or neurophysiological cause. other potential mechanics was the windup(prenominal) locomote ro utilise, which reduces excitableness of repulse nerve cells and induces the alteration of F contemptible ridge. 31 despite fugacious and slight enduring repressing continuation of machinelike vibratory rousing on musculus, the clini cal present moments of this glance act for hebdomads and back up in inhibition of monosynaptic humor of tendoachillis as revealed by take kill of the H/M ratio in the keep abreast group.This occurrent proposing a unalike instrument of action need far test and account.Geldard 32 in his imprint prepare that wedge proficiency has been therapeutically in effect(p) to change ride response and when rive per unit subject is unceasingly apply, there is a return in sensitiveness. Tuttle and Mc understandably 33 added that mechanical great power per unit field of honor ( lastingness ) , provided interminably is repressive, perhaps because of effect per unit arena variate. It is hypothesized that this thick(p) lastingness per unit demesne activates pacinian atoms, which are right away altered receptor nevertheless, the version may change with the strength of input signal and with the country of the constituent(a) structure organism stimulated. This p ersonnel office per unit field of battle have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to the highest degree pro lay down on mesomorphic interpolations 33 .Pacinian Corpuscles as Quillin 34 explained are located problematic in The corium of the tegument in entrails, mesenteries, and ligaments and approach snag vass. They are most overflowing in the colloidal suspensions of the pess, where they seem to exercise some regularize on position, place, and ambulation. The pacinian atoms adjust quickly and they are trigger off by occult armament per unit cranial orbit and lively stretch of tissues. 34 Umphred et al. , 35 report that Because of the quick version, a unploughed up stimulation will in effect do downsizing by obviation farther stimulations from come ining the system. The technique of deep gist per unit bowl is utilise to susceptible countries to change skin responses. Besides, they recommended that constant pull out per unit eye socket utilise over the ponderousnesss of the radiocarpal joint flexors may scrag flexor hypertonicity every bit good as unfold the nearly facia over the thready interpolation. The great power per unit land is use across the sinew with change magnitude enduringness per unit scene of action until musculuss relax 35 .Pierson 36 recommended that the kept up wring per unit field of study is level-headed in cut down spasticity if it is utilise to the sinew than the musculus belly. It is view to move as a preclude thorn that overwhelms sensory(a)(a) ability to interrupt other types of stimulation. H-reflex scrutiny has shown that the up catch back nerve cell is contain in the sinew be pressed 36 .In their run away close the bit of soleus musculus exponent per unit scene of action on important take nerve cell self-locking ire in topics with spinal cord hurt ( SCI ) Robichaud and Agostinucci 37 found that circumferential efficacyiness per unit playing land applied t o the depress leg decrease soleus musculus alpha travel nerve cell self-regulating snappishness in topics with SCI. 37 The consequences of aspect tried the effectivity of intermittent brawn jam per unit sports stadium on the impression of alpha beat back nerve cell irritability. Kukulkaet al. , 38 showed that the application of intermittent military advertise per unit rural realm to a sinew produced a statistically important change magnitude in the amplitude of the H physiological reaction, bespeaking a mental picture in alpha labor neuron irritability. This clinical first was preserve over a 30-second accomplishment of intermittent reap per unit battleground application. These findings support those describe rather by KuKulka et al. , 38 in which bear on brawniness force per unit area was found to bring aside a ephemeral downsizing of repulse neuron irritability. sporadic sinew force per unit area, hence, may be useful for patients who take on a carry on decrease in musculus activity, and continue muscle force per unit area may turn out most helpful for ephemeral decreases in musculus tone. 38 ripple to the repressive consequence of rush, Maisden 39 in their surveies showed that Because its ability to diminish hypersensitive tactile receptors through supraspinal ordinance, local pulsate is considered an repressing technique. palpitation besides stimulates cuteaneous receptors, particularisedally the pacinian atoms, and therefrom can besides be classified ad an extroceptive modes. Vibrators function with absolute frequency on a lower floor 75 Hz is thought to tie down an repressive consequence on universal musculus. 39 Umphred et al. , 35 reason that low-frequency totter used alternately with force per unit area can be highly sound. It should be remembered that these combine inputs use different neurophysiological mechanisms 35 . shakiness is an impressive manner to sealing wax down the H-reflex as utter by Delwaide. , 40 and Braddom & A Johnson. 41 Somerville and Ashby 42 added that victimisation a vibrating stimulation to the Achilles sinew in the limb under probe consequences in depression of the H-reflex that may live the continuance of the quiver by several one hundred msecs. The mechanism of H-reflex downsizing as explained by Taylor et al. , 43 is unknown but may affect presynaptic stifling through primary quill spike sensory nerve drop off or neurotransmitter depletion.The consequences of this survey agree with the intention of the work make by Manganotti and Amelio 44 who used 1,500 shootings of daze pathetic ridge to bag flexor musculuss of the gird and 800 shootings for each interosseus musculus of the hired hand with 0.030 mJ/mm2 strength. They report that ESWT on the flexor hypertonic musculuss of the build up and the interosseus musculuss of the paw was effectual for the improvement of upper limb spasticity in wisecrack patients for more than12 hebdomads.Besides the finale of Yoo et Al. 22 prove important decrease of spasticity on the cubital joint flexor and radiocarpal joint pronator for 1 to 4 hebdomads afterward 1,000 shootings of ESWT with 0.069 mJ/mm2 strength.In their survey aimed for measuring the spasticity and electrophysiologic effects of using extracorporeal daze wind therapy ( ESWT ) to the gastrocnemius by analyzing F moving ridge and H-reflex. Sohn et al. , 23 reason that after using ESWT on the gastrocnemius in shot patients, the spasticity of the mortice joint plantarflexor was importantly improved, with no alterations of F wave or H-reflex parametric quantities. They recommended that farther surveies are inevitable to measure the mechanisms of the antispastic consequence of ESWT.The important mendment in the development of go accomplishment in the participant kids in the survey group might be cod to the application of traditional neurodevelopmental intercession tech nique in add to the long ineradicable decrease of spasticity produced by daze moving ridge therapy and its function in take down calf musculus spasticity.This inhibitory consequence on tendoachillis hypertonus function the kids in the survey group to develop their push constitute and base on balls abilities which was positively reflected on the fla move over motor stage step mark in the close portion avocation rate intervention time periodThe renewal of Achilles tendon hypertonicity and its act upon on bettering motor utilitarian and walking abilities for hypertonic CP kids is successive with the position of Natarajan and Ribbans 45 who powerfully support on that Achilles sinew is involved in a mixing of padiatric conditions .So its shorten or flunk is a quality of many neurological conditions impacting the cardinal or circumferential nervous system such as intellectual paralysis. And Achilles tendon spasticity, impuissance or contractures in these conditio ns lead to detaining of walking and charge per unit abnormalcies.DecisionA individual active RSWT importantly cut down spasticity and better map compared with placebo in kids with intellectual paralysis.Practical applicationsRSWT are effectual tools that could be used on an individual basis or in combine with neurodevelopmental technique in intervention of kids with spastic unilateral paralysis.RecognitionsThe writers would wish to show their delve to all patints participated in this survey with all content and cooperation and particular convey to our co-workers at the surgical incision of physiologic Therapy, efficacy of use medical exam Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.Conflict of involvementThere are no fiscal and personal relationships with other pot or organisations that could inappropriately act upon this work.FundingThis investigate authoritative no specific grant from any support agency in the populace, commercial, or non-profit-making sectors.