Which is the best graduate program in criminal justice in the Midwest

In conducting a research to determine the best criminal justice graduate program in the Midwest, it would be best to select measures that are able to clearly give snapshots of what to expect from each program. These measures are faculty quality, student-instructor ratios in both classes and research, graduate prominence in criminal justice institutions, and program standing with accrediting organizations. The first measure can be ordinal, nominal, and ratio. Basically, we need to examine the credentials of the faculty members teaching in the said program. This examination includes the number of papers that they’ve published in peer-reviewed journals, their positions in academic organizations, as well as their rankings in relevant and recognized academic competitions. Of course, we need to compare each of these variables for this measure separately. This measure gives us a comprehensive view of the level of competence professors in the program have. However, this does not include one of the most important measures which is student feedback, a variable that may often be difficult to obtain due to it being classified in nature. The next measure is the student-instructor ratio. This is the ratio of the number of students that are found in a class handled by one professor. This can also refer to the number of advisees handled by one professor. Generally, favorable ratios should come closer to one. The larger the ratio is, the more congested classrooms are likely to be. This implied that the professor might not be able to give ample attention to each student. This is especially problematic in terms of research advising. Professors should generally be advising only a few students at a time with research work. Following the student-teacher ratio is the prominence of the program graduates in criminal justice institutions. This measure can include the positions held by the graduates, the length of time after graduating before they held the said positions, as well as awards that they received in the positions held. This measure gives a preview of what to expect after graduation from the program. Ratio data can be collected by taking the total number of graduates to the number of graduates holding positions in relevant institutions after a certain time period. A bigger ratio would imply poorer graduate performance specifically in the program that they have completed. Finally, ordinal and nominal data from accrediting institutions can be collected as the fourth measure. Nominal data can be grade accreditations while ordinal data can include program rankings with other programs in the Midwest. With this measure, the student will be able to see just where the program places with respect to other programs according to criteria set by credible bodies. Following the four measures set in this paper will provide the prospecting student with a comprehensive view on the quality of the graduate school program in criminal justice that he or she seeks to enroll in. The measures selected scrutinize both the competence and availability of faculty members to attend to student needs in both class content and graduate research. The measures also provide means for scrutiny of the program itself by examining the experiences of its graduates. Lastly, direct examination of accreditations provide a clear image of how the academic community views the program. These measures will be successful in evaluating which school offers the best program.

Customs and Traditions of India Essay

Nearly every country in the world possesses some form of religion. With religion comes the need for people to express their beliefs. Often times, these expressions are seen as religious customs and traditions. Along with these religious customs and traditions, most countries also posses customs and traditions practiced by even the average non-religious citizen. These customs can be enormous milestones in the lives of young-adults, or something as simple as shaking someone’s hand. Everything from a child’s first day at school to a newlywed couples inauguration is celebrated through rituals and practices. Many of these traditions have been around for thousands of years. With religion came traditions and rituals and practices. A few examples of these traditions include: Datar. Datar is the welcoming of the bride into the home of the groom by the groom and his family. This practice is seen as sacred and as a necessity. It is believed that if the ritual is not done right or not done at all, then the family is doomed to fail. (IndiaNetzone) Another, less significant tradition, Upanayan, is the day that a male child begins his education. An interesting fact about Indian culture is that they still use the caste system and many traditions are open only to the top three castes: Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishyas. Upanyan is one of those traditions. (Freshroads) Another vital part of India culture is always giving. Giving is seen as the ultimate kindness and in India culture, should be practiced by everyone. Danam is the Indian tradition of giving gifts to one another. Upanayan, The marriage ceremony described above, is a time where Danam is practiced constantly. The bride gives gifts to the groom and groom to the bride. These gifts can range from gold to coconuts to cows. No gift is seen as the clothes from grandma for Christmas. In the final ten days of someone’s life, they are given many gifts which are believed to help them cross the afterlife dimensions and get to heaven. In fact the gift of a cow is believed to help souls of the deceased across a river in the dimensions before heaven. (IndiaNetzone) It seems as though there are many traditions, but how many people practice these traditions? According to the 2002 census of India, approximately eighty percent of Indians practice Hinduism. This means that of the 1. 2 billion people that live there, about 960 million people practice these customs and traditions. That is pretty amazing considering the amount of gifts there must be given daily. With over one hundred perhaps two hundred traditions practiced by almost every India at some point in their life, this means that there are more traditions practiced in a lifetime than there are people in the world. Also, if every Indian practices Namaskara, the Indian form of salutation, around 3-5 times daily, in just eight hours, approximately, there have been more Namaskaras than people in the world. (HowStuffWorks) Christianity has over double the number of followers than Hinduism. Although this data makes Hinduism seem puny compared to other religions, many of the traditions and customs are very similar to those of other religions including Christianity. And many of the non-religious customs are very similar to many of those of the American culture as well. In Indian culture, it is seen as respectful to salute to others. Namaskara is the salutation of India. Namaskara is two people, bringing their hands together while bowing their heads and bringing their hands towards their heart and bowed forehead. This custom almost resembles the handshake of American culture. As stated before, people on their deathbed are given gifts. In American culture, flowers are brought to that person’s bedside and cards are often sent wishing that person good will. In Indian culture, the first day of school is seen as a special day. In American culture, the first day of school can be very exciting, and often times emotional. In America, the family members of the deceased decide whether to burry or cremate the deceased. In India, the dead are almost always cremated. This is because Indians believe that cremating the body of the deceased grants easier access to heaven by releasing the soul from the body. In Indian culture, there are almost always arranged weddings. Unlike India, weddings are consensual in the American culture, not to say that Indian weddings are not consensual, but, American weddings are between two people who have know each other prior to being married. In India, this is not always the case. Often times the bride and groom have never met until their wedding day. This is why Upanyan is such an important time for newly-weds, this is their first time, and their families first time, meeting the person they married. (IndiaNetzone) Although comparisons are not often made between American and Indian culture, once you see just how closely the cultures resemble each other, it gives you a different point of view on the two cultures and their similarities and differences. When you take a closer look, you really see the differences, and similarities, between the American culture and the Indian culture. The India culture is very interesting and full of many amazing and almost insane customs and traditions. There are many traditions and customs, and even more people that practice them. When you take a closer look, you see the similarities between the cultures of the United States and India. Whether they’re religious customs or non-religious customs, they are fascinating. Whether it’s a person’s death, or, birth, there’s a tradition for the occasion.

History of Christianity Essay

Both Christianity and Judaism came from the same God. Both Judaism and Christianity share the same Old Testament as our holy scriptures. The foundations of faith in God are rooted in the Old Testament, so also that of the Jews, for their history and their laws are all in the Old Testament. Moreover, the entire Old Testament was written by Jews. ‘The New Testament was also written by Jews with the exception of Luke. Judaism is the name that men have attached to the formative stages of biblical faith (Old Testament) and Christianity is the name that men have attached to the completing stage of biblical faith (New Testament). Mojzes & Swidler, 2002) Christianity as a religion was an offshoot of Judaism. It has been said that Judaism does not need Christianity to explain its existence, but Christianity needs Judaism both to explain its existence and what it believes. Hence, Christianity has also been termed historically as the Judeo-Christian faith. In the early years of the Christian faith, Christianity was regarded as just another sect of Judaism known as the sect of the Nazarenes. The early disciples and the 12 Apostles were all Jewish. Apostle Paul even took a Nazarite vow to prove to his critics that he was a Torah-observant Jew. The term ‘Christians’ surfaced only in AD 42 when the disciples were first called that in Antioch. The term gradually was adopted to differentiate believing Jews from unbelieving Jews and over time, it became a separate identity altogether. â€Å"†¦don’t boast as if you were better than the branches! However, if you do boast, remember that you are not supporting the root (Israel’s forefathers), the root is supporting you (Church). (Neuhaus, 2001) The exact origins of the Jewish faith are hard to pinpoint, and most of what is known comes from the Torah, the five books that make up the Jewish holy text and are also part of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to the Book of Genesis, the father of Judaism was a man called Abraham, who lived between about 2000 and 1500 BCE (Christianity and Islam also claim Abraham as an important religious figure). Abraham was born in Mesopotamia and later living in Egypt, was the first man according to Jewish religious texts, to promise to worship one god, Yahweh. Abraham spread this faith among his followers, and led them to settle in the land of Canaan. Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, was renamed Israel by Yahweh, and he fathered twelve sons, who led what would come to be known as the twelve tribes of Israel. These Israelites, according to Judaism’s religious teachings, were taken as slaves into Egypt, and led out of slavery by Moses. Moses was a Jewish Egyptian, who according to Jewish texts spoke directly to Yahweh. The freed Jewish slaves were recorded to have wandered for forty years in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula before settling back in the land of Canaan some time around 1200 BCE. One of the groups displaced by the establishment of Jewish kingdoms was a group called the Philistines. The Philistines called their lands by the name Palestine, a name for the lands once claimed by the Jews. The term Palestine came from the Roman Empire, which renamed the area as a punishment for a Jewish revolt against Roman rule around 135 CE. The term Palestine had long been favored by those who did not recognize the Jewish claim to the area. Perhaps as early as the fall of Judah in 586 BCE, Palestine became a term to deny the political claims Jews made in the region. From the fall of the early Jewish kingdoms, Jews lived as a minority population in Palestine and the Middle East at large. Depending on who exerted control over the region, and how stern they were about expressing that control, Jews experienced varying levels of freedom and persecution. Under the Persians, Jews were allowed to return to the region and to practice their religion freely, and were accorded a great deal of respect. During this time, Jews built a Second Temple on the site of the First, which had been destroyed by Babylonians. Under the Romans, however, they fared poorly. They were allowed to practice their religion, but were asked to declare their political allegiance to the Roman Empire. When Jews revolted against Roman rule in 66 CE, Roman troops ransacked the city of Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish Second Temple. Conditions for Jews became even worse after the Jewish revolt of 135 CE, when Roman troops killed or enslaved thousands of Jews and destroyed numerous Jewish villages. Jews were forbidden to enter the holy city of Jerusalem, and thereafter the Jewish population was centered in the region called Galilee. The conditions experienced by these early Jews had a deep impact on their worldview. Jews expressed the feeling that only under Jewish rule would their rights, including access to their religious sites, be protected. This brought them into much conflict with other people living in the region. The Jews’ worship of a single god made theirs a minority religious viewpoint in the region during much of the rule of the Roman Empire, but the spread of Christianity, the religion created by the followers of Jesus Christ (c. 4 BCE–c. 29 CE), soon changed the religious balance. Jesus was a man of the Jewish faith who offered new interpretations of the role of God and the need for individuals to devote themselves to God. His teachings challenged some of the Jewish beliefs and often caused civil unrest that challenged Roman rule. Around 29 CE, Jesus was arrested by Jewish religious leaders who suggested that his teachings were disrespectful to God and were causing civil disobedience among his followers. Jesus was brought before a Roman governor in Palestine named Pontius Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus, a form of execution in which a person is nailed on a cross and left to die. According to Christian religious teaching, Jesus later rose from the dead and ascended to heaven, taking his place as the son of God. Most of the accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings are found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Their exact historical accuracy has long been a source of disagreement. Whether or not the man Jesus actually existed in the way the Bible states, his followers believed that he was the son of God, sent to give a message to all mankind. They created a religion based on his teachings. Though it was based on the Jewish faith and claimed one god, Christianity stressed the role of personal salvation acquired through the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the son of God. It was, like Judaism, a monotheistic religion. Unlike Judaism, however, Christianity was an evangelical faith, which meant that its followers dedicated themselves to converting others to their faith. Over time, Christianity gained many followers who embraced the religion’s single god. Sometime around 312 CE the emperor Constantine, who ruled over what was then known as the Eastern Roman Empire (which controlled over half of the Middle East), embraced Christianity. Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the empire, which later became known as the Byzantine Empire. The rise of Christianity dramatically changed the role of Palestine. Like Jews, Christians revered the holy places in Palestine, and especially in the city of Jerusalem. Christians also made holy places out of sites associated with the life and death of Jesus. But sharing holy sites did not necessarily mean that Jews and Christians got along. According to Charles Smith, editor of Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, â€Å"Christians considered Jews to be rivals in Palestine, as well as a people who rejected Jesus as the savior sent by God. As a result, the Byzantines applied existing Roman laws limiting Jewish activities more rigorously and created new ordinances aimed at isolating the Jews. † Though a monotheistic religion was now the dominant view, religion continued to be a source of conflict in the region. Christianity has one of the largest and most rapidly growing religious followings in Asia. The end of the Cold War and the Asian economic liberalization has encouraged both the flourishing of Christian evangelism and the rising prominence of Christianity in the public sector. There is a substantial shift in the balance of Christian populations from the North to the South. A few decades ago 70 percent of all evangelicals were in the â€Å"North,† primarily in the United States, today 70 percent are in the churches of the global South. The Catholic Church, which is projected to lose 20 million members in Europe in the first quarter of this century, will gain 100 million members in Africa, 50 million in Asia, and 140 million in Latin America. At the beginning of the 20th century, 81 percent of Christians were white. By the century’s end, that number was 45 percent.

Monaco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16250 words

Monaco - Research Paper Example The political world is represented as contained by big nations, but there are a number of smaller states and territories (SSTs) with political and/or economic influence in the global political landscape (Paul: 1). Altogether there are 56 smaller nations and over 100 smaller territories that are controlled by larger states. A vast majority of SSTs are islands such as Fiji or Barbados. However, there are some states that are landlocked or surrounded by larger countries or located on the coastlines of larger states. These SSTs are countries such as Brunei or the Principality of Monaco (Paul:1) What separates Monaco from a majority of SSTs is that while many of these states recently enjoyed independence in the post-colonial era, Monaco has enjoyed seven centuries of independence (Paul: 1). Monaco also enjoys the distinction of having a forward economy and thus is an SST worthy of closer examination (Paul: 2). This case study is organized and presented in six main parts. The six main parts are: geography, history, political system, economics, culture and tourism and gastronomy. In discussing each of these areas of the Principality of Monaco, a detailed country profile is created that provides an understanding of how and why, the world’s second smallest independent county has managed to secure a place of prominence in the international order. Monaco is a sovereign nation located in the French Riviera (the south-eastern most portion of France, wherein the region is referred to as CÃ ´te dAzur in French and CÃ ²sta dAzur in Occitan, both of which translate into Azure Coast) at the foot of the Maritime Alps. Because of its location Monaco is bordered by France thrice over (to its north, south, and west), with what remains as its Mediterranean coastline, The city-state is notoriously small, being second only to The Vatican City at 1.9 km squared in surface area (King: 15). As a city-state, Monaco is

Working without Trade Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working without Trade Unions - Essay Example Trade unionism has been in existence in the UK for more than 200 years, as illegal associations at first but gained legal recognition later (Trade Unions 1980). In 1978, statistics revealed that membership with numerous trade unions total to around 13 million workers (Trade Unions 1980). Unions existing at present serve the interests of particular type of workers or industry (Theses on the Trade n.d.). Through the unions, the workers can bargain with the employers to grant them increases in wages or salaries, specific working hours, benefits, or day-off from work. Negative Impact of Trade Union Unionism was primarily established to protect the interests of the workers. However, it has also been used by workers to blackmail employers. Running a company would entail a lot of factors to consider and has to maintain a certain margin of profit in order to survive the competition. Workers and employees though would want to get more from their employers by using various legal modes to get m ore benefits. Thus, at a slight movement in the economy or inflation, they would lay down their demands to the companies. There is a collective bargaining agreement or CBA that governs the relationship of employers and workers. The CBA is a contract of labour between the company and the workers. It exists at a certain period of time after which, it has to be renegotiated by both parties. At such renegotiation, the workers present their new demands which the employer may or may not concede. At the renewal of the CBA contract, the workers would push hard so that their demands will be granted by the employer. Companies that operate well and earn more profits may grant the economic demands of the workers. However, with the erratic economic conditions resulting from the recent global slump that affected banking and financial institutions, as well as several industries, CBA renegotiation or too much demand from the workers can tilt the operations of companies. Radical or extreme unionism that tends to disrupt company operations is bad for the economy and the company. It also fosters unhealthy employee-employer relationship that breeds distrust on the part of both parties. According to Naylor and Santoni (2003, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006), there would be lesser foreign investments in a country where the bargaining power of trade unions on the aspect of wage is strong. There are studies though that do not support this position. Cooke (1997, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006) and Cooke and Noble (1998, cited in Radulescu & Robson 2006) said that multinational firms in the US tend to invest in countries with decentralised wage bargaining process, and veer away from strong trade unionism. The Workplace Employee Relations Survey revealed that from 1990 to 1998, companies with unions undergo more closures than plants without unions (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). Generally, companies without unions boomed at an average of 1.4 percent per year within the same period (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). In contrast, firms with unions had been shrinking at an average of 1.8 percent yearly (Millward, Forth & Bryson, 2001). Addison and Belfield (2002) said that the prevailing trend seen in unionised companies is its slowed effect upon employment growth. UKs 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Panel Survey (WER-PS), lasting for eight years, that contained around 50 percent of the 1990 Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (original companies surveyed totals 2,016) revealed that firms that have labour unions existing for a very long time have weak labour productivity (Addison & Belfield 2002). On the

The ethical principle of Facebook as An Emotional Contagion Essay

The ethical principle of Facebook as An Emotional Contagion - Essay Example An analysis of this experiment in light of the utilitarian theory of ethics shows that this experiment is morally justifiable. This is because, although the experiment violates some individual rights of the subjects of the experiment, the experiment findings, however, is quite useful and can be used in many ways; this, in essence, means that the experiment will lead to making the majority of people happy. This, therefore, means that that experiment is morally justifiable in light of the utilitarianism.The experiment is, however, morally unjustifiable in light of the Kantian deontology. This is because the subjects of the experiment were used not as human beings with intrinsic worth, i.e ends in themselves, but rather as means to some end. This is because the experiment violated some individual rights of the subjects of the experiment. This fact, therefore, shows that the experiment is unethical in light of the Kantian deontology.According to my moral worldview, this experiment is mor ally unjustifiable. This is because the experiment clearly violates some basic rights of its subjects. Although, the experiment can, of course, benefits many people, the experiment doesn’t take cognizance of the individual rights of its subjects. This fact, therefore, shows that the experiment is morally unjustifiable. To avoid this moral problem, future experiments and research in technology involving human beings should be done only after getting the consent of the intended subjects of the experiment.

Adam Smith and Karl Polanyi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adam Smith and Karl Polanyi - Essay Example The basic mechanisms include (a) regulation of market transactions, (b) regulation of market participants, (c) disputes resolution and enforcement actions, and (d) pre-commitment of resources (Polanyi and Karl 34). According to Polanyi and Karl (1944), market economy implies a self-regulating system of markets in which there are various human processes involved. They iclude: technological processes, learning processes and economic processes that involves human activities. Commercial societies, they claim that the free-market system of property rights, freedom of contract, and other liberty rights – the â€Å"negative† right of individuals to peacefully pursue their own ends – is impersonal and dehumanizing, or even inherently divisive and adversarial. While market societies are controlled market (Polanyi and Karl 47). Karl Polanyi remains one of the most cogent critics of neoclassical economics. As an alternative to the market society, he emphasizes the embedded-ness of economic activities and institutions and the historical relativity of economic concept (Polanyi and Karl 35). Karl Polanyi denounced the â€Å"economist prejudice† found in both the market liberalism of Ludwig von Mises and the communism of Karl Marx, Polanyi and Karl (1944). Polanyi drew his own inspiration from Christian social thought and yearned for â€Å"a Christian spirited guild life. He also had an objection to the "ruling economic class", or "the richest 1%", having undue influence on government policies and that this situation reflects a "failure of democratic representation" for the middle and lower classes, or the "other 99% (Polanyi and Karl 47). A self-regulating market demands nothing less than the institutional separation of society into an economic and political sphere. Such a dichotomy is, in effect, merely the restatement, from the point of view of society as a whole, of the existence of a self-regulating market, Polanyi and Karl (1944). It

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

Psychology - Essay Example First the results indicate that attribution style across cultures differed significantly between western and eastern culture. People who belonged to more western and individualistic cultures indicated to be more dispositional and less situational orientated than people from more collectivistic and eastern cultures, signifying that culture does influence how people are initially inclined to elucidate a given situation. The culture differences in attribution style is not unexpected considering the widespread research showing that attributions in Western cultures tend to be more dispositional, whereas attribution in Eastern cultures tend to be more situational (Shweder & Bourne, 1984). Secondly, the present study also extended the existing cross-cultural research by exploring and examining, if there were any significant relations between attribution style and racism attitudes, predicting that people, who are more dispositional orientated and more prone in making the fundamental attribution error, would indicate more racism attitudes. However, the study failed to replicate and find significant results in this domain, as there was found no significant correlation between attribution style and racism attitude across dispositional and situational orientation. This failure perhaps originates from the fundamental method and approach of the research. While earlier empirical studies have based their results on controlled experiments, this research has emphasized on random responses and reactions from the participants. The participants have been recruited from various ethnic groups, diversified in religious beliefs, age group, and gender. This is clearly evident from the diversity in sample population which comprise of the majority Muslim participants, a significant group of Christians and a small group of minorities. As a result the only controlled element in the sampling, the equal distribution of

Personal Statement for MD and DO Medical Schools

For MD and DO Medical Schools - Personal Statement Example I have always had the desire of helping children get over their pain while at the same time hoping to gain the satisfaction of having been able to alleviate some of the suffering that children in my community might be suffering. It is for this reason that I was motivated to undertake both service and medical work in other countries including Haiti after the earthquake, and the Dominican Republic where I had an opportunity to witness firsthand some of the medical problems that affect people. Among the medical problems that I found to be extremely prevalent in Haiti was the significant number of HIV infections within the population as well as malnutrition which affects more than half of the country’s population. One of the greatest benefits that I personally reaped from being able to take on medical work in these countries is the confidence in my ability work under pressure despite the significant number of patients who had come for treatment. This new confidence in myself has enabled me to think of a greater role for myself in future than I had previously considered when I dreamed of being a doctor. In addition, my experience in Haiti and the Dominican Republic was further enhanced through the manner in which the medical staff in these countries was able to deal with such common problems as dengue and malaria with very limited resources. The result was that I managed to see firsthand how the skills displayed by doctors are necessary for dealing with a diverse number of medical issues. I count these experiences as having been major factors in motivating me to seek to study medicine and once I returned to the United States, my passion for medicine has led me to shadow many professionals in the different fields of medicine so that I gain some knowledge from them. One of the main reasons why I would like to get into medical

France and the United States Essay Example for Free

France and the United States Essay This paper seeks to provide comparative analysis of early childhood education policy between France and the United States. The discussion will focus on the programs origin and what the programs were intended to achieve. The study will look at the focus, of the programs, the beneficiaries and the cost. In analyzing the early childhood policy outcome in the two countries, the paper assesses the successes as well as the shortcomings of the policy programs. The federal government has not developed a policy on early childhood education that is applicable in the nation. As opposed to the comprehensive early child education policy in France. The U. S. government has only been supporting specific preschool programs for those children from poor neighborhoods and low income families. This trend is also evident in the various states which have not been able to come up with early childhood policy that can be used uniformly by education stakeholders throughout the state. Earl childhood education program is largely left in the hands of private education providers through kindergartens. (Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , Chanana, N. , 1998, p. 24). The Early childhood education policy by the government is defined in its actions which in regulating the demand and supply of early childhood education services. In implementing early childhood policy, the government provides direct and indirect financial subsidies to private providers of these services in the form of grants, contracts and tax incentives. Provision of direct and indirect financial support to parents of children in early childhood program. This support may be in the form of cash benefits, tax benefits to offset the cost of this service and vouchers to pay for the service. The government also participates by regulating players in the field of early childhood education through legislation. Early childhood education program in the U. S are run on a full day of part time basis and they include pre-kindergartens, kindergartens, compensatory education programs and nursery schools. The other programs that support early childhood education include childcare centres, family support programs, before and after school programs, family type day care homes. Because there is no clear line between the government and private support in this sector. (OECD Country report, 2000, p. 5) There is no clear data concerning the cost of early childhood education in United States. However, the federal spending on the program has been very minimal compared to grade k-12. Studies in the year 2002 reveals that the states spent 2. 5 billion dollars on early childhood education while the federal government spent 6. 5billion on early childhood program. This is in exclusion of funds spent on pre-primary education for special students. This is the contrary of the case in France where the government full funds its early childhood education program. Then enrolment in early childhood program for the year 2002 was estimated at 750,000 with 85% enrolled in private institutions. In the United States, the government has a policy that ensures quality, affordability, and availability of child care for all families. The Child Care Bureau administers federal funds to states, territories, and tribes to assist eligible families including low-income families. The childcare bureaus provide childcare for children when the parents work or participate in allowable education or training activities. Through the Child Care Bureau funds various Technical Assistance projects that promote quality, strengthen program administration are supported. The funds are also used to finance Good Start which is the president’s initiative towards early childhood education as well as carry out research to help policy makers. The child care programs in the United States involved the administrators, parents and other stakeholders than in the case of France that is more regulated from above. According to OECD report (2000, p. 21). Most children are enrolled in private institutions compared to those in public institutions with most parents taking their children for part time programs. This is illustrated in the table below showing enrolment in early childhood education programs in thousands. The only early childhood policy that received direct support by the federal government is the introduction of Head start program to take care of those children from low income families. This program is funded by the federal government of the U. S since it caters for the children of the financially deprived parents from poor neighbourhood. According to OECD report (2000, p. 18) The cost of funding this program has increased steadily, reaching almost $4. 7 billion in fiscal year 1999 and $5. 27 billion in fiscal year 2000. This program was started as a strategy to deal with problems associated with children from poor neighbourhood. Dealing with their emotional, cognitive, social and cognitive deficits ensured a well rounded individual who was prepared to adopt a life style that made them productive individuals from poor homes. The major aim is however to academically prepare students for their primary school studies. According to Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , Chanana, N. (1998, p. 34-50). Research shows that those students who had undergone early childhood programs like Head Start had fewer referrals for remedial classes or special education. These students were also more likely to remain in regular classes throughout their public school years. Fewer retentions rate as preschool graduates were less likely to repeat grades. The students maintained excellent scores very few of them had failing grades in their school years. The students were acknowledged by their teachers as having greater social and emotional maturity and had a high probability of completing their high school studies without dropping out. Due development of positive attitude about school at an early age, these students had greater academic motivation, on-task behavior, capacity for independent work, and time spent on homework. Lower incidence of absenteeism/detentions. Graduates had lower incidences of absenteeism and detentions. Preschool graduates had much higher scores on measures of attitude toward school and toward particular subject areas those who attended early childhood education are found to have better self-esteem, greater internal locus of control compared to those who never attend the program. Preschool education is believed to help in preventing unwanted pregnancies among young school girls. The program is also believed to reduce incidences of indiscipline like drug abuse and delinquent acts among students, this some researchers believe is due to the introduction of rules and regulations to students at an early age hence contributing to positive upbringing. Due to improved self esteem developed from an early age, preschool graduates are more likely to participate in social activities like sports and community work. As opposed to those who did not attend early education, the beneficiaries have a better meaning for education and develop high future aspirations. This also contributes to the likelihood of them enrolling and completing their secondary education. These benefits of early childhood education are extending to the society as beneficiaries have a higher possibility of securing better paying jobs hence reducing dependency in the society. There is high unlikelihood that these people will engage in antisocial behavior in the society. (Morgan, G. , Azer, S. , Costley, J. , Genser, A. , Goodman, I. , Lombardi, J. , and McGimsey, B. , 1993, p. 45, 78). The Head Start program is however accused of contributing to inequality in the education arena as those who are considered financially stable have been ignored. This is no longer a shortfall in France as their early childhood policy caters for all children despite their family backgrounds. The increasing number of mothers securing jobs is however increasing government participation in provision of early childhood programs especially in those kindergartens which are integrated in public primary schools. For instance, District of Columbia is made kindergarten attendance a legal requirement for children. (OECD Country report, 2000, p. 14) The diagram below illustrate the increasing number of working mothers with children under age six due U. S policy on Early childhood education and care between 1960 and 1999. Despite lack of comprehensive policy regarding early childhood education, a lot of expenditure has been incurred in supporting efforts towards achieving the same. The figures reported by OECD report( 2000, p. 23) is an illustration of cost of efforts employed by U. S to achieve ECEC as compared between 1992 and 1999 constant dollar reported in millions of dollars. As opposed to the United States, France has a clear government policy regarding earl childhood education. The program is publicly funded and caters for those children between the ages of 2-6 year olds known as Ecole Maternelle. The system has specific programs for those children under age three and it is administered under the Ministry of Education delivered under education auspices of the ministere de la Jeunesse, de l’Education nationale et de la Recherche. (Oberhuemer, P. , Ulich, M. , 1997, p. 27). These programs are freely provided by the government for eight hours during the day including breaks like lunchtime. Extension beyond these hours is optional and those parents who work for longer hours can pay for additional hours that their children are taken care of at early childhood education centres. Since these programs are meant to benefit children and their parents who earn poorly, the additional charges levied on parents take into consideration the parent’s income. Any child starting school has to go through ecole maternelle which is the preparatory level in the education system. (OECD Country report, 2004, p. 4-7). Early preschool education is divided into three sections namely: the little section, middle section and large section. The little section is meant for three year olds, the middle section is for four-year-olds and large section is for five-year-olds. Two year olds belong to very little section. France is also committed to empowering the low income parents just like Head Start in the United States hence the government organizes bridging activities for those who are about to start schooling in poor neighborhoods. Such a program is supposed to familiarize the learners with the academic in readiness for school system. The table below shows the trends in the percentage of children in the ecole maternelle by age as from the year 1960-2002 according to French background report in 2003.

The Yellow Wallpaper And Law Of Life English Literature Essay

The Yellow Wallpaper And Law Of Life English Literature Essay American Naturalism can be defined as a literary movement, based in literary realism that takes a deterministic view of human existence. It tends to highlight the forces of nature, over which we exert no control, by placing the protagonist of its literature in circumstances beyond their control. Further, practitioners of Naturalism have adopted the philosophy offered by Charles Darwins theory of evolution, and due to this they are able to write about issues that previously went untouched. This literary movement puts a dynamic on internal and external forces that determine everything that they do. I have chosen to analyze in this essay, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, and Jack Londons The Law of Life. In The Yellow Wallpaper, we observe a woman who has been inflicted with an apparent mental illness that is manifested through her obsession of the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. Our first hint at this piece of literature being saturated in naturalism is the subject matter being discussed; the role of women in society, and mental illnesses. This is precisely the kind of topics that naturalism tend to focus onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦those issues that drive the human nature without the bias of romantic ideals or principles. Within this story the protagonist is trapped by two forces, an external and internal force. The external force reveals itself to be the actual wallpaper that plagues her thought, but I dont mind it a bit only the paper. This quote shows us the degree of paranoia that the main character experiences and is inflicting upon her. Further it is true that her husband John serves as a stifling force upon her freedom, socioeconomic determinism, so I take phosphates or phosphites-wh ichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to work until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. We see a main theme here as John is forcing his subordinate wife to ingest pills that he believes will help herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦against her will. While her husband is a socioeconomic deterministic force, due to his enforcement of women in the role of not being active or thinking for herself, he also acts as a biological deterministic force. By his actions he is making his wife fight for survival against the standards of man, which she debatably succeeds in with the releasing of the women in the wallpaper. This manifestation of the women creeping in the wallpaper shows the reader of her fear of being held captive by her husband, I dont like to look out of the windows even-there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wall-paper as I did? In this final scene of the st ory the narrator points out what the reader has already figured out, that she believes herself to be these women trapped within the wallpaper. This is significant because she associates herself with all of the other women in the world who are trapped by their socioeconomic status, and were forbidden to creep. This argument further adds to the theory of biological determinism within the story. Within Jack Londons story The Law of Life, the reader reads about the final journey of a blind and old man whose name is Old Koskoosh. Unlike in the previously analyzed work, this story focuses primarily on the harshness of nature and its uncaring attitude towards the Earths inhabitants. In this story the reader finds a plethora of biological deterministic features, primarily concerning the detached force of nature and the meaninglessness of the individual; Nature did not care. To life she set one task, gave one law. To perpetuate was the task of life, its law was death. Here the reader observes London showing mans inherent necessity to struggle with nature, and also how meaningless people are. This story, and therefore the quote, is deeply rooted within the belief of Darwinism in that the role of the individual is simply to reproduce and to sustain the survival of the speciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that is the simple law all must obey. This can be considered the internal and external determi nistic aspects that dictate the characters thoughts and actions. I believe that the crucial internal struggle with Old Koskoosh is his difficulty in accepting his fate that is inevitable, perhaps the heart of his son might soften, and he would come back with the dogs to take his old father on with the tribe. Though understandable, the narrator shows us that Koskoosh still holds out a hope that he might still survive and escape the dictating law of life. But it already has been determined that he must die, his role for this tribe and the species has been fulfilled by his reproducing. Further London describes this harsh environment in order to emphasize the harshness and lack of regard for the individual, Nature was not kindly to the flesh. She had no concern for that concrete thing called the individual. Her interest lay in the species, the race. London specifically calls out the meaning of the story here in saying that nature does not care for the individual simply the passing on of their line. This shows the reader that the individual only has one choice; to yield to nature when it is their time to die since their purpose is done. It has already been determined that this will happen and clearly is beyond the control of the old man, but one task did Nature set the individual. Did he not perform it, he died. Did he perform it, it was all the same, he died. Here we further see that the individual really has no choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for it is already set that he must die no matter what he does by natures hand. Explicit Darwinism is displayed throughout this story. In conclusion, we observe that naturalism in America is deeply rooted in the beliefs of Darwinism and explicit detachment and determinism with regard to the individual. In Gillmans story we see that as a result of socioeconomic and biological determined factors that the narrator slips into insanity due to her feeling that she has been trapped by her surroundings and her husband. In Londons story the reader examines the harshness of nature, and its lack of regard for the individual in favor of the survival of the species. These stories best illustrate the deeply rooted themes of American Naturalism.

Role of Information Technology in Business

Role of Information Technology in Business Question 1: What is a system?  A set of detailed methods, procedures, and procedures were created to carry out a specific activity, to perform a duty, or to solve a problem. An organized, purposeful structure consisting of interconnected and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts, etc.). These elements are constantly interacting with each other to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system. What is Systems Theory: System theory and system science is multidisciplinary research system in general, and found the target mode, and illustrate that it is possible from various fields of research can be discerned, and in all the nesting level is applicable to all types of systems are in principle. It can be considered as a specialized system of thinking or for the goal of system science and system engineering. The focus is on general purpose in a wide range of systems (specific models with individual areas) that are useful. Who developed Systems Theoryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Theoretical biologist L.V. Bertalanffy (L.Von.Bertalanffy) was founded. He put forward the theory of open system in 1932, and put forward the idea of system theory. In 1937, the principle of general system theory was put forward, which laid the theoretical foundation of this science. Question 2 Identify FOUR different types of Information Systems used in business organization: Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction processing systems meet the data collection, storage, processing and outputting functionalities for the core operations of a business. Customer Relationship Management Systems: Business owners use customer relationship systems to synchronize sales and marketing efforts. CRM systems accumulate and track customer activities, including purchasing trends, product defects and customer inquiries. Business Intelligence Systems: Business intelligence systems can be complex as they identify, extract and analyze data for various operational needs, particularly for decision-making purposes. BIS information systems may provide analyses that predict future sales patterns, summarize current costs and forecast sales revenues. Knowledge Management Systems: Knowledge management systems organize and dissect knowledge and then redistribute or share it with individuals of an organization. The purpose of these information systems is to bring innovation, improve performance, bring integration and retain knowledge within the organization. Question 3 Choose any three type of information Systems identified earlier and describe them: Describe the concept of each system and also draw a symbolic representation wherever possible Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction Processing Systems also known as sales information system, provide to the personnel system, is on business processes for the support of information system can provide a powerful tool support for a job to complete. For example, ERP system, we can be seen as a typical business processing system, it can be related to the production, procurement and other business links, based on some functional modules to provide a good support. Customer Relationship Management Systems : relationship management (CRM) is an approach to managing a companys interaction with current and potential future customers. The CRM approach tries to analyse data about customers history with a company, to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention, and ultimately to drive sales growth. MIS are built on the data provided by Transaction Processing system.   Ã‚   It generally manages the internal files and summarizing. The level of management in MIS is mid level; those are responsible for the processing of further processes to the higher management. Business Intelligence Systems: Business intelligence (BI) can be described as a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes.The term data surfacing is also more often associated with BI functionality. The integration of documents, records, collection of knowledge and its retrieval are included in this system. Knowledge Management Systems: Knowledge management (KM) is the process of capturing, developing, sharing, and effectively using organizational knowledge. It refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. This usually provided by the front staff or accounting management team, which provide the key data required to support the operation. Task 2 Question 1 : Identify and explain the purpose and function s of any one computer application most commonly used in any type of business organisation. Microsoft office products: It can do all the accounting steps for the purpose of Excel. It can perform all the accounting calculations is the function of excel. Question 2: Identify and explain the purpose and functions of any one computer application used in any common functional area within a sub-system of a business organisation. Office Microsoft is a set of office software package based on Windows operating system developed by Microsoft Corp. Commonly used components are Word, Excel, Access, Power point, FrontPage, etc. Office Word Microsoft is a text file Office Access Microsoft is done in the database Office Excel Microsoft is done with tables and data processing Office Outlook Microsoft is to send and receive mail Office PowerPoint Microsoft is making a slide. I think the Microsoft office make us easy to manage something important. And It is very user-friendly, can record some useful data whenever and wherever possible. Question 3 : Identify and explain the purpose and functions of any two computer applications uniquely used for different types of businesses. Answer: Kakaotalk: Kakao Talk is a Chinese from South Korea by the second largest shareholder of the Tencent (It is a Chinese company) as a free chat software, similar to WeChats QQ chat software, applications for iPhone, Android, WP, blackberry and other smart mobile phone communication. The application to the actual phone number to manage friends, with the push notification service, to quickly send and receive information among friends and colleagues as well as pictures, voice intercom. Similar to the domestic QQ, even if friends are not online, friends can also receive your talk kakao messages, just like texting. Skype:Skype is an instant messaging software, which has the function of IM, such as video chat, multiplayer voice conferencing, multiplayer chat, transfer files, text chat and other functions. It can be free of high clear voice dialogue with other users, you can also call the domestic international telephone, either a fixed telephone or mobile phone can be directly dialed, and can achieve call transfer, SMS and other functions. Difference: Now Skype network phone is very mature, good quality and good, the charge is reasonable, let a person without charges of worry , and it is very easy to use. Kakaotalk is good but some old people cannot use it very well. Question 4: Explain the effects of information technology on business systems in terms of benefits and costs. (a) The following two one off benefits of adopting information technology: The delivery of products and services will be timely and effective. Peoples mistakes will be reduced, and the cost will be reduced. (b) The following two ongoing benefits of adopting information technology: This technique can be repeated using more than one purpose, so there will be a large number of uses. Make this technology can save money in the stock holding area. (c) The following two ongoing costs of adopting Information Technology: Upgrade operating system time cost. The company and the service cost paid to the user. (d) The following two one off costs of adopting information technology: Information systems play an important role in a company or an organization. The cost of each character is different. As an information system of a company, in order to promote their company or provide some online platform for their customers, so it costs more money.There are also some software required to pay. Task 3 Answer A DATA: Data is a collection of specific contextual information, as well as in a business organization, for the maintenance of a specific object data, and information workers. .There are THREE types of data. These are as follows: Primary Data: it is first-hand information which we collect by ourselves. Secondary Data: This data is second hand or it is collected from third party Quantitative and qualitative data: Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis should be unified, complement each other, qualitative analysis is the basic premise of quantitative analysis and qualitative not quantitative is a blind, no value for quantitative; quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis more scientific and accurate, it can make qualitative analysis of the extensive and in-depth conclusions. Answer B Information: Information can be defined as an organized form of the original data set, in the organization of information plays a very important role in the decision. Example of three different type of information: Inspections: It can be defined as a collection of raw data for a particular thing, to prove things to a decision-making layer. Research: A collection of data in a particular field or discipline. Survey: It is the simplest way to gather information. Question 2: The three sources where information can be gathered:- 1 social survey Social survey is an important means to obtain real and reliable information. Social survey refers to the use of observation, inquiry and other methods directly from the community to understand the situation, the activities of the collection of data and data. 2 build intelligence network Management activities require accurate information, comprehensive, timely. In order to achieve such a request by a single channel to collect information is far from enough. Especially administration and government decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to collect information in various way, that is to establish the information network of information collection. 3 development of strategic intelligence Strategic intelligence is designed for high-level decision-makers, only for high-level decision-makers to use more strategic information than general administrative information. Question 3: Threats to DATA: (1)Security of Data There are three threats that make our information be not safe: Malware: Its like a malicious software that is designed to get access to a computer without the owners consent. Malicious software is not the same as defective software, but it has a legitimate purpose, but contain harmful errors Hackers: If the system is not well protected, then the hacker can easily access the file without the owners permission. Even if they can copy or delete files. Such a person is called a hacker. In a business environment, because there is a huge network, so hackers can easily break down the system Virus: It may be considered a software designed to disrupt or stop the systems work. It can be through a system to another, it can also enter the system through email, Internet, flash drive and other accessories (2)Integrity of data The three threats to integrity of data are mentioned below : Software Attacks Human Errors Natural Disasters A) software attack is the most common threat today, resulting in the change of data or information is disclosed. B) error in the input data Natural disasters are also responsible for it. For example: earthquakes, floods, fires, volcanoes, tsunamis, etc. Question 4: Answer A HR Admin: A human resource management role is the combination of management and human resource It is also known as human resources and personnel It will be to the organization from the organization department to the Department and our own background and talents Finance: Under the conditions of certainty and uncertainty, with the passage of time, the distribution of assets and liabilities is a field. Sales: A sales is the exchange of a commodity for money or service in return for money or the action of selling something. Answer B There are three types of data related with above three sub-systems: Finance related data: There are number of finance data that specialized in sending and collecting the data to traders and investors. Sales data: All the data used in sales is known as the sales data Like the Web server log, Internet streaming data.Usually at the time of sale, these data are referred to as big data HR ARD The administrator stores data in a place known as the database administrator. Task 4 Quention1 Answer A Principle of Perception Principle of Reputation Principle of leadership [B] Objectives of Principle There is a verb in Chinese: A great company needs a great leader. But to be a great leader is to learn from the past, look into the future, and look to the future. The companys reputation is one of its most valuable assets and needs to be protected. A company that manages their market perception has achieved great success. Question 2 A: Three planning and control system used in business. 1. Multi-mode manufacturing applications: It includes planning, production scheduling 2. Supply Chain Management applications: It includes sale performance, purchasing, promotion, inventory management and forecast 3. Configurable enterprise financials: It also includes accounts receivable and payable. Answer B The financial allocation of enterprise plays a very important role in the enterprise, which includes all the data and records.It retains all accounts receivable, accounts payable and account payable record The relationship between strategic planning for multi-mode and product manufacturing application Therefore, in every business, management strategy and plan is a multi-part of manufacturing mode

art history :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the American wing of the Allentown art museum is a small painting that hits really close to home. It is called the View on the Lehigh River above Mauch Chunk. This is a genre scene that shows a small homestead in the foreground of a landscape of the Lehigh River. It was painted in 1862. View on the Lehigh River shows what life may have been like living along the Lehigh during that time. Critics have said his work â€Å"looks as European as it does American† (Gstavus1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Down the hall in the European wing a painting by Aert van der Neer called River Landscape by Moonlight. It is a small dark painting that is so faint in contrasting colors that the viewer must get very close to it and squint in order to make out all of the objects in the scene. As the title suggests the painting depicts a river landscape, not common for the time. However, in his depiction the river is only visible as the light from the moon is reflecting off of it. The painting is undated, as are most of his works. It’s estimated that van der Neer was born between 1603 and 1604 and it is known that he died in 1677. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces, the viewer can recognize many similarities with in the two. The differences are evidently due to the amount of time that had elapsed between when the two painting were completed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the viewer approaches River Landscape by Moonlight by a Dutch artist during the Baroque period, the first impression is made by the artist’s use of light. It is not uncommon to wonder where the faint light is coming from. A closer inspection will reveal that it is the moon peaking out of the cloud filled sky. The moonbeam’s shimmering light directs the viewer down the river, the reflection silhouettes two late night fishermen in the foreground. The river appears to be the brightest as it fades into the horizon underneath by the moon giving the painting great depth. The rivers contours are outlining by the moonlight reflecting off the water, illuminating the river banks ever so faintly. Moving into the shadows on the near bank of the river is a small house; its window pane catches the moonlight and sends it to the viewer. The space hidden in the shadows that contain the house and the wooden are behind it have

Police Blunders In The Manson Investigation :: essays research papers

Police Blunders in The Manson Investigation On August 10, 1969 the headline "Actress Is Among 5 Slain at Home in Beverly Hills" appeared on the front page of the New York Times (Roberts). This was the beginning of a investigation of police error which prolonged the arrest of Charles Manson. There were several people who claimed they had heard gunshots and screaming in the early morning hours of August 9. Mrs. Kott, who lived at 10070 Cielo Drive, heard three or four gunshots at what she guessed was to be about twelve thirty to one o'clock a.m. after which she heard nothing. About three quarters of a mile south of the murder scene, Tim Ireland was having an over night party at the camp of which he was a counselor. Everyone had gone to bed when Tim awoke to a man's voice screaming "Oh, God, no, please don't! Oh God, no, don't, don't, don't..." (Bugliosi & Gentry 4). At this time, about twelve forty a.m., he awoke his supervisor, told him about the scream, and requested that he go see if anyone needed help. He drove around the area but saw nothing unusual. Robert Bullington of the Bel Air Patrol was in his parked car when he heard three gunshots spaced a few seconds apart. He immediately called in to headquarters (the call logged in at 4:11 a.m.). Headquarters then called in to LA PD but nothing further was done. About four thirty paperboy Steve Shannon, who hadn't heard anything the previous night, noticed what looked like a telephone wire hanging over the front gate and a bug light on near the house. Mr. Kott also noticed the wire when he went out to get his paper at about seven thirty that morning (Bugliosi & Gentry 4-5). Winifred Chapman, the housekeeper for 10050 Cielo Drive, arrived at the house and also noticed the wire hanging at the gate. She first thought the power was out but then she pushed the button to open the front gate and it did. She began to walk up the driveway when she noticed that there was an unfamiliar automobile in the driveway. She figured, though, that it was only a visitor and continued toward the house. When she entered, she picked up the phone and the line was dead. Thinking she should inform someone, she entered the living room where she noticed two blue trunks which were not there when she left the previous night. A closer look saw that there was blood on the trunks. There was blood scattered about in the living room.

Natural born cyborgs

Natural born cyborgs – of course one may ask or wonder what the term means. Well, the term was invented by Andy Clark, a professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at the University of Sussex, UK and chair in Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. So what does he mean by natural born cyborgs? The term denotes us, humans. For him humans are very much cyborgs as Robocop, Eve 8 among many others. Now, what made him think so? Clark made use of a term called cognitive hybridization, which in turn denotes the tendency of our brain to mix with the technology or to put simply, our dependency towards technology. According to Clark we don’t need wires for the term cyborgs to be applied to us. In his exact words he said â€Å"†¦we shall be cyborgs†¦in the more profound sense of being human-technology symbionts: thinking and reasoning systems whose minds and selves are spread across biological brain and non-biological circuitry.† At first glance one might say that Clark’s interest is primarily on technology but the truth of the matter is he is more interested in understanding humans, and the nature of human mind. Clark gave certain interest upon discussing the terms â€Å"transparent† and â€Å"opaque† technology. According to Clark, the technologies we are living with today are slowly becoming a part of us. From there on he went on to define what he meant by â€Å"transparent† and â€Å"opaque† technology. According to him transparent technology â€Å"are technology that is†¦integrated with, our own lives†¦as to become invisible in use.† Having defined what transparent technology is, let us now move on to understanding what Clark meant by opaque technology. By opaque technology he means â€Å"one that†¦requires skills and capacities that do not come naturally to the biological organism, and thus remains the focus of attention.† By this one may go on to conclude that opaque technology is one which is hard to use and thus requires skills if one aims to use it successfully. Let us take the wristwatch as an example of a transparent technology. If we look back to our ancestors we can say that their way of checking the time is kind of primitive. They made use of checking the position of the sun or listening for the chime of the bell, which indicates the time. However, as time moved on time slowly became a part of us. New technology had been invented and checking the time now is not as hard as it had been before. In this sense, it may not be dangerous to say that wristwatch may now be considered a part us, and thus a transparent technology. If one is familiar with Heidegger he/she might even see the similarity of Clark’s conception of transparent and opaque technology with that of Heidegger’s ready-to-hand and present-at-hand concept. To better understand what I mean I will give a brief description of what Heidegger have in mind with the terms stated above. By present-at-hand Heidegger meant an attitude the same to that of a scientist or a theorist. Like a scientist or a theorist one will be interested in something only because of the facts the object has to offer which they could later on use to theorize about something. We often view things which are present-at-hand in a secondary mode as in the case of a broken fan which lost its usefulness, such as a watch who happened to stop working. Thus, we can see a connection between Clark’s idea of opaque technology and Heidegger’s present-at-hand. On the other hand, ready-to-hand is something more like Clark’s transparent technology. We use things without theorizing about that things, hammer or wristwatch for example. In this regard, one can clearly see the similarity between Clark’s concept of transparent and opaque technology with that of Heidegger’s concept of present-at-hand and ready-to-hand. I remember making the claim in class that these are both essentially phenomenological treatments of technology. By this I mean to say that we seek to understand what technology is. If we can experience what is meant by technology, first hand, the better. The way the mind works is very complex. Humans never cease to be content. Technology came into being because of our inability to be content. As humans seek to understand more things, to make life easier, technology blooms faster. And now, we are living in a technological world and there are people among our race who’s still not content with the way things are and thus they seek to better understand things. Clark, on his work, Natural Cyborgs, tried to show how humans became so caught up with technology that human lives became intertwined with technology itself. I remember reading something about him wishing to understand how the mind works and if he is to do that then he must understand what technology is all about. Phenomenology as a method is very useful. By exploring a certain phenomena in order to understand a higher truth behind the phenomena is something great. Phenomenology might be useful in understanding technology and in this I have no doubt. However, by saying that phenomenology can help to better understand technology I am not saying that this can open all the gates of our understanding towards technology because I strongly believe that no method, not even phenomenology itself can open our minds to everything there is to know about technology or anything in particular. As we are humans there would always be room for ignorance. We cannot understand things fully no matter how hard we try because I believe that there would always be room for questions and for doubts. In this regard, I cannot offer another alternative should phenomenology fails to make us understand everything there is to know about technology. Dualism is the belief that the body is distinct from that of the soul. In this paper I would make use of Cartesian dualism. It is in the belief of Descartes that though the body and the soul are of different entities both can still interact with one another. It is from Descartes where the term interactionism originated. In his interactionism he said that the body is the one who receives sense perceptions wherein the soul is the one who is responsible for our awareness. According to Descartes the seat of interaction lies in the pineal gland. In his belief the soul houses the body and if the body is acted upon by the soul then their point of interaction happens in the pineal gland. I talked about Cartesian dualism because if one is to look closely Clark’s idea of technology becoming one with us or a part of us is almost the same to Descartes idea of dualism. Both seem to see the body merely as a house. The difference however, is that for Descartes the body is the house of the soul wherein for Clark the body is the house of technology or something to that effect.   Clark believes that the use of technology is essential in understanding how the mind operates because men nowadays are so caught up with technology that we are completely dependent towards technology. Technology became an important part of us and it seems to solve most of the problems of our world thus Clark concluded, for the same reason that technology may be useful in understanding human mind. However, I don’t think that it really solved the mind-body problem present in Cartesian dualism because somehow I can still see flaws on Clark’s idea. Technology for one, though reliable on most time, is still prone to failure. Somehow, failure may occur or accidents of some sorts because technology is not really that perfect, it’s got its flaws. I also don’t believe that Clark can avoid radical skepticism because no matter what he does there would always be people out there who would go on to criticize his beliefs. One can’t really please everyone and I’m pretty sure that there are still people, purists for one, who would certainly doubt the power technology has. Thus, on my conclusion I say that even though Clark opened our minds to some ideas and although most of what he said holds true, I don’t really believe that his idea is perfect enough to avoid skepticisms. Reference: Clark, Andy. Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intelligence. Oxford University Press, USA; 2003

Intel Case Study

In this assignment we will analyses the pro and cons of the largest player in processor fabrication market Intel. This ill help us in understanding the reason behind their success and also predict on their sustainability in the market. Additionally this study will also help in identifying the other possible paths of expansion for Intel. (1 . 1) History of Intel In 1 968, Gordon Moore and Nonce decided to leave their job from Fairchild, one of the biggest companies specializing in Silicon Valley, to start up their own business aiming to provide the world with very vital technological components.Intel gained a major breakthrough with the help of a Japanese calculator manufacturer Bossism. A remarkable innovation in chip manufacturing was done by successful fabrication of the first microprocessor Intel 4004 chip in 1971. In Intel the engineers did not start from the first point, but directly work on developing the microprocessors by making it more complex and stronger. (GROMMETS, 2007) (1 . 2) Approach This objective in this assignment is to understand the strategy and factors behind their success and also predict on their sustainability in the market.Additionally this study will also help in identifying the other possible paths of expansion for Intel. We will try to focus on the objective of this assignment by understanding the policies and strategies adopted by Intel. The breakdown has been done by using major concepts such as Porters five forces, SOOT analysis PESTLE analysis and key success factors models. Study Intel's 3 environmental analysis and strategic decisions and finally predict Intel's performance and competitive gain in the future. Environment has a major influence on proper working of any business.It is very essential for a business to adjust to the environment to be prosperous. Hence, it is necessary to consider both internal and external environment. It is required to conduct a proper internal analysis to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of an organization. Additionally an external environment analysis should be done as it will help in identifying or developing a fixed set of opportunities that could benefit and also help us identify the threats that could be avoided. A proper external analysis can be done by dividing it into two factors namely, macro environment and industry analyses.A step by step environmental analysis is done for Intel further in the assignment (2. 1 ) Internal Environment Analysis Internal Environmental analysis supports the organization to identify its resources and its competencies, proficiencies and potentials to utilities them to the finest abilities. The foremost task Of internal analysis for this circumstance is to assess Intel's key successes factors over other key players like MAD, Qualm and ARM. By performing this exercise we can obtain a comparative advantage to the business. The detailed explanations of the top key factors are analyses in section (3) (2. ) Macro Environment Analysis Th ere are numerous impacts of macro-environment on Intel as they have ultimate operating and manufacturing locations. Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors creates a significant impact in a macro environment on the company's performance. Basically it is well- known as PESTLE Analysis and it is explained in detail in the section (4). (2. 3) Industry Analysis The purpose of carrying out this analysis is to evaluate the industry environment and understand the responsible factors affecting profitability in the industry. There are many forces that have major influences on business.One of famous and very common way of doing industrial analysis can be done by following the prominent porter's five forces model. 4 Porters five forces model has been applied for Intel and the detailed are provided in the section (6). (3) Key Success Factors The primary success driver for processor fabrication companies is to focus on offering the best technology at competiti ve prices. However, just one important factor is not sufficient to gain success. Intel ran into different complications particularly in its cost structures, in spite of that they managed to survive and grow in the marketplace.They applied different marketing and business strategy to survive in the competitive market. That helped them gain competitive advantage in the processor manufacturing industry. They have made multiple tie-ups with many other hardware manufacturers and this is their primary base of distribution and that has been very successful for them. Based on the present situation the top four key success factors of Intel are listed below. Intel has a top quality resources and very high preference on people in their organization. The surveys done on the Intel employees suggest that they encouraged people to show case their creativity big or small.They focus only on finding big brains irrespective of the background of the employees. Intel is capable of taking complete benefi ts from its workers and utilities them in a very efficient manner. Aggregated (no date, entire survey) (3. 2)Brand Value Intel has been in the number one spot for many decades in straight and none of the competitors have gained the spot in the recent past. They have a very good reputation and many clients and customers are very loyal to them. They have leading in this industry with a major trust factor. Intel started with the success Pentium series and these microprocessors were very successful.Every series came with different clock speeds for different needs of their users. They have great leadership team maintaining an amazing link with the Research and Development team. They also introduced Echelon Dual-Core microprocessor the first multi core processor in entry lever budget segment. (3. 4) Relationship with MOM Manufacturers Intel has one the best relationship with major multinational companies. Almost all leading brands like Apple, Dell, MOM, Leno, HP, Sass, Samsung, Toshiba, F ajitas and many more great brands rely on Intel microprocessors.Intel has been able to build great relationship by delivering the best quality of supplies and strategic distributions. (3. 5) Exceptional Handling and error management There is a famous old saying â€Å"mistakes and failures are the stepping stones to success†. In the same fashion Intel gives a reasonable leverage if employees make minor mistakes. This would encourage in developing breakthroughs in technologies. They have very huge global network functioning in a similar fashion across the globe. Aggregated (no date, entire survey) (4) PESTLE Analysis There many external factors that affects Intel, considering their presence in the entire globe.These environmental factors can be assessed using PESTLE analysis. The below PESETA analysis was performed bearing in mind the present operations and circumstances of Intel. The perfect way to carry out the PESTLE analysis is by conduct it for every country they are opera ting. However, in this brief analysis is performed at a global perspective. (4. 1) Political Intel is an international company and has to function according to different leslies set by government of all these countries Any political volatility can have direct impact on the economic growth.The rules of certain countries can obstruct investment agreements and might cause prided market share The variations in tax laws in every country will cause many issues and will be very important for major business decisions 6 Labor laws for all countries are very different from each other and this is a very complicated to manage in such situations (4. 2) Economic L] Inflation rates are one of the primary factors causing economic issues and it obstructs proper functionality Tax rates of few countries are very high and it reduces the profit margin.One of the primary reasons for Intel to set up their European headquarters in Ireland is to avoid huge corporate taxes Employee wages Of few countries are very high, few countries have minimum wages regulations Silicon extraction is an expensive process. There will be a major economic benefit if cheaper and new ways of extracting silicon are invented. (4. 3) Social The presence across the globe is a major sign of success, but it is not very easy to maintain and manage work force form customs, beliefs, social attitudes and business practices.The educational standards and levels are very different from country to county. (4. 4)Technology Technological factors provide abundant prospects but also threats. There is a necessity to consider them into account while form ululating strategies. Technological breakthroughs can impact on the products, suppliers, marketing, distribution and competitive edge. It may also open up new markets. On the other hand the change in technology in an industry can make existing products and services out-of-date or obsolete.Technological changes can create shortages in technical job skills and result in changin g the bob market in the country and expectations of customers and employees may not be met. These are of major significance to Intel and it one be the key point for their persistence. There is huge profit potential for Intel in wireless devices like mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. (4. 5) Environment With more and more problems due to global warming and increased energy consumption there is a lot of pressure on Intel to take them in consideration.Intel has the 7 social responsibility to become more environmentally friendly by designing devices with less wastage and minimum carbon did oxide emissions manufacturing plants. As per the CEO Brian Ukrainian, Intel are focusing and investing on innovating new products to resolve the energy crisis as much as possible. (4. 6)Legal There are many rules and regulations with respect to Patents, trade mark rights, product quality and price controls. In few countries laws have become very stringent as industries became more globalizes. Intel has been in media for bad reasons for not following these appropriately.There have been many long running disputes with rival company MAD. This has affected Intel's reputation and Intel had to paid hefty penalties. This will have a massive impact on boot reputation damage and economic down fall. (5) SOOT Analysis SOOT analysis is situational analysis to mainly identify internal strengths and weaknesses along with external opportunities and threats encountered by an organization. The below analysis for Intel will help in closely understanding their strategy. (5. 1 )Strengths Intel has strong brand loyalty from its consumers and is a globally recognized brand name.They are global technology company and the world's largest producer of semiconductor chi IP Intel has around 80% of the processor market share the next largest share is tit MAD it is roughly 17% of the market Tie-ups with major multinational hardware manufacturing corporations has created a great distribution chain In novative and top class employees have been making technological breakthroughs World class internal training system with the Intel University for the development of the employee skills Intel listed in top 10 companies, best employer and recognized for the best in sustainability 8 (5. )Weaknesses L] Selling prices are higher compared to competitors like MAD. The processors manufactured my MAD are less expensive and also have same clock speeds C]

Joe Gargery’s Character Analysis Essay

‘†¦all(Dicken’s characters), no matter how briefly sketched are real.(CLIFFS NOTES P.54).Charles Dickens has the ability to make his characters very close to human, if not human. Charles Dickens’ novel, Great Expectations, is mainly based on a character named Pip who goes from ‘rags’ to ‘riches’. Joe Gargery, Pip’s brother-in-law, lives with Pip and Mrs. Joe in the marsh country. He is a blacksmith who doesn’t make a lot of money but manages to stay a mild and good-natured man. But what causes Joe to stay so mild and good-natured throughout Pip’s transformation? The truth can only be revealed through studying his relationship to Pip, his importance to the plot, and the theme he best represents. When Pip’s parents die, his sister decides to bring him up ‘by the hand'(p.559). She has a very hard time with Pip, and in the future says, ‘I’d never do it[bring Pip up] again!'(p.560). Then she marries Joe Gargery. Joe and Pip form this ‘everlasting’ relationship, mainly because they were both ‘brought up by the hand'(p.559). Joe always looks out for Pip and helps Pip out. Mrs. Joe would never do this. For example, when Pip was coming back from the graveyard after his first encounter with the convict, he find out that Mrs. Joe had gone on a rampage with the tickler only by Joe telling him. When Mrs. Joe returns, she throws Pip at Joe and Joe guards Pip from any harm Mrs. Joe can do. Though these incidents, Joe develops a steady, everlasting relationship with Pip. When Pip receives word of his expectation, he also found out that in order to get his expectation and become a gentleman, he must go to London. Pip’s reason for wanting to become a gentleman is mainly for Estella. He will do anything to impress Estella and win her heart. Pip knew he had to go if he were ever going to win Estella’s heart. Joe had built up such a strong relationship with Pip that he didn’t want anything to do with the obstruction of Pip’s future. Another reason for Joe loving Pip is when Pip was sick and in debt, Joe went to London and helped Pip. Joe paid his debts(even though he himself had money problems) and stayed at Pip’s bedside every second he was sick. According to Joe, †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦you and me was ever friends.† (p.706) Joe must love Pip more than anything in the world if he flew to London just to help an ‘old friend’. Pip’s relationship to Joe wasn’t quite  as ‘smooth’ as Joe’s relationship to Pip. At the beginning of the novel, Pip and Joe had an equal relationship, the both cared and helped each other. Joe, for example, let Pip know of Mrs. Joe’s rampage and Pip taught Joe to read. So they both had an equal relationship at the beginning. But when Pip received word of his expectation, things changed. Pip only concentrates on being a gentleman and winning over Estella. Pip doesn’t think about Joe much anymore. When Joe went to visit Pip, and Joe kept trying to put his hat on the corner of the chimney piece without realizing it is too big, Pip becomes very annoyed with him. ‘I felt impatient of him and out of temper with him.'(p.631) If things were like home, Pip would teach Joe, not be annoyed at him. But Joe, being this mild and good-natured man, blames the whole incident on himself. The relationships between Pip and Joe are very different throughout the novel. Without Joe in the novel, Pip wouldn’t have ever received his great expectation. Joe is the ‘man of the house’. Joe provides the family with money. This money gives them a place to stay, food, and clothing. When Pip met the first convict, he demanded a file and wittles. Where would Pip get these items if Joe were not there to provide the money, which provided the food, shelter, and clothing? Pip would not be able to provide his convict with the file and wittles and the other convict would take Pip’s heart and lungs out. Then, there would be nobody to give the expectation to and there would also be no reason to give the expectation. The main reason for the convict giving the expectation was the last person who did something good for him. But Pip never gives the wittles and file to the convict so there was no last good thing done. So, without Joe, there would be no expectation. The theme Joe best represents is ‘Sophisticated manners are not nearly as important as genuine kindness and affection.’ At the beginning of the novel, Joe and Pip’s did not show sophisticated manners but stayed friends because they had kindness and affection for each other. But as Pip received his expectation, became a gentleman, and went to London, he lived in an environment of sophisticated manners. Manners in which Joe were not familiar with. But Joe did not care about how sophisticated Pip became. All he cared about was the kindness and affection they had together. That was all that  mattered in their friendship to Joe. Overall, Joe’s relationship to Pip gets an A+ because his thoughts of Pip stayed steady throughout the novel no matter what Pip did to Joe. Pip’s relationship to Joe gets a C because at the beginning he felt the same way about Joe but his expectation changed his feelings about Joe. Nothing should be able to break up a strong relationship. Joe’s importance to the plot received an A because the plot would not be able to continue without Joe. Joe’s representation to the theme received an A because Joe was the one who didn’t care about sophisticated manners, but only genuine kindness and affection. ‘†¦There has been no writer of fiction in the western world who had Dicken’s genius for creating such an infinite variety of characters.'(CLIFFS NOTES p.54) Charles Dickens has created Joe as an amazing character in the novel, Great Expectations.

Argumentative Essay on Immigration

Illegal Immigration Amnesty There are many problems that the United States faces and the one that is causing several debates is illegal immigration. Thousands and thousands of illegal immigrants have come from many different places. All of them have different desires. One might want a safe future for their family, one is probably looking for a fresh start, or even a place to spread their knowledge. The big question is should illegal immigrants be granted amnesty? After the resources and argument, it is believed that Amnesty should be given to illegal aliens. What is amnesty?Amnesty is a pardon for someone who was convicted in a crime. Amnesty is tangled with the term â€Å"Illegal Aliens†. Illegal aliens according to the law are people who are undocumented and not originally from the country they are currently residing in. There are different points of view on this issue. Nathan Thornburgh, Times Magazine Reporter states, â€Å"Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Marys, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens†¦ That's amnesty. And that's a good thing for America.Amnesty won't depress wages – globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. Amnesty won't necessarily add to the social- services burden. Amnesty would offer millions†¦ a fighting chance at self- sufficiency and social mobility. † Everyone deserves a chance to show what they are capable of. Granting amnesty will also reduce the abuse these immigrants face. Many don’t complain about labor exploitation and substandard working conditions in the fear of being deported.Arnold Schwarzenegger, 38th. Governor of California has his own views on this Amnesty situation. â€Å"I am writing to urge Congress to act this year to pass com prehensive immigration reform. We must find a permanent solution to our broken i mmigration system, and I believe that this is our chance to restore America’s status as both a country of immigrants and a nation of laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Arnold Schwarzenegger also believes that instead of fighting this crisis of amnesty, it should be resolved in a way where everyone agrees to amnesty. A huge part of the economy depends on the illegal immigrants such as agriculture.Natives have a mindset that they are too good to be working at such lowly ranked jobs so such labor depends on these immigrants. Without the support of the increased population of the illegal immigrants, the economy would be in a condition that’s worse than it already is. Granting amnesty will also reduce crime because these immigrants will not fear about reporting crimes to authorities, therefore helping to reduce the crime rate to an extent. With legalization of these aliens it will strengthen and revitalize the nation and it will increase the nation’s security.Granting amnesty will help the nation focus on more important resources such as militia. These resources that are focused on capturing illegal immigrants who enter the country for work could be redirected towards homeland security or funds for war. Not all agree that the â€Å"illegal aliens† should be able to get a chance to prove themselves. According to Heritage Foundation â€Å"Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program that grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Heritage Foundation believes that it is unfair to grant illegal immigrants the same rights that legal citizens have. They believe this because the illegal immigrants did not follow the laws when they entered the country and the legal immigrants did. There are many cons to the legalization of illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants shouldn’t be granted amnesty because it can increase further illegal immigration at the nations border. This can also encourage trafficking and smuggling of illegal aliens who will pay high prices to enter a country who’s granting amnesty.This also means that the crime will increase and by not granting amnesty it can be avoided. It is also very costly for to tax payers to grant illegal aliens amnesty especially regarding education, healthcare, welfare and social services. Education isn’t at its peak because cuts are always made and increasing kids in the public education system will obviously make it more costly than it has to be. Health care has also been a big issue tax payers definitely don’t want to pay for costs they can avoid. The job market will take a toll with the increasing population of documented aliens.The unemployment rate will increase which means that millions of more people will be looking for work without positive results. By providing amnesty, it shows that the people who are following the rules have the same status as the illegal aliens who should be penalized for their wrong doings. The Heritage Foundation has come to the conclusion that â€Å"†¦Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship.Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal conduct. † Which means, the person who comes to the country legally should be let go however the one who comes illegally must be harshly reprimanded and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same luxuries as a person who follows the rules. . Believe it or not, but amnesty is bound to benefit America. Amnesty works politically and socially. It helps with the economy and it provides a sa fe journey for future generations whether they’re illegal or not.There are many people mostly students who are intelligent who want to seek a better future. Amnesty will help provide a future for these young people. They will be able to go to college, have a professional care. Even community organizer, Julio Flores says â€Å"There's a great human potential in this town that doesn't see the light of day because of the legal status. † All in all, even though there are any pros and cons towards the decision if amnesty should be granted or not, we are still stuck on the same question â€Å"should illegal aliens be granted amnesty? There are many different points of view on this situation. Amnesty, to a great extent is a resolute by the certain circumstances in which the country find themselves in. Citations Page 1. MLA  (7th ed. ): ProCon. org. â€Å"Is amnesty a good solution to illegal immigration? †Ã‚  Immigration. ProCon. org. ProCon. org, 22 May 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. 2. Thornburgh/Beardstown, Nathan, and Ill. â€Å"Immigration: The Case for Amnesty. â€Å"TIME  [Beardstown] n. d. : 1+. Web. 3. â€Å"Immigration Amnesty. †Ã‚  US. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. .